A bruise , commonly known as bruising , is a type of tissue hematoma in which the capillaries and sometimes venules are damaged by trauma, allowing blood to seep, bleed, or extravasate to the surrounding interstitial tissue. The bruises then remain visible until the blood is absorbed by the tissue or cleansed by immune system action. Bruises, which are not pale under pressure, can involve capillaries in the skin, subcutaneous, muscle, or bone tissue. The bruises should not be confused with apparently similar lesions primarily distinguished by diameter or cause. These lesions include petechia (& lt; 3 mm results from various and varied etiologies such as adverse reactions from drugs such as warfarin, straining, shortness of breath, platelet disorders and diseases such as cytomegalovirus), purpura (3 mm to 1 cm, classified as purpura palpable or purpura that exhibits pathological conditions such as thrombocytopenia), and ecchymosis (1 cm) caused by blood surgery through tissue tissue and persist in areas far from trauma or pathological sites such as periorbital eczosis, eg, "eyes raccoon ", arising from a basilar skull fracture or from neuroblastoma).
As a type of hematoma, bruising is always caused by internal bleeding to interstitial tissue that does not penetrate the skin, usually triggered by blunt trauma, which causes damage through physical stress and deceleration. Sufficient trauma to cause bruising can occur from a variety of situations including accidents, falls, and operations. Insufficient or ineffective state of diseases such as platelets, other coagulation deficiencies, or vascular disorders, such as venous blockages associated with severe allergies may lead to the formation of purpura that is not confused with bruises associated with trauma. If the trauma is enough to destroy the skin and allow blood to escape from the interstitial tissue, the injury is not a bruise but rather different types of bleeding called bleeding. However, the wound may be accompanied by bruises elsewhere.
The bruises often induce pain immediately after the blunt trauma that results in their formation, but minor bruises are usually harmless alone. Sometimes bruises can become serious, leading to more life-threatening hematoma forms, such as when associated with serious injuries, including fractures and more severe internal bleeding. The likelihood and severity of bruising depends on many factors, including the type and health of the affected tissue. Small bruises can be easily recognized in people with bright skin color with blue or purple appearance characteristics (idiomatically described as "black and blue") in the days following the injury.
Video Bruise
Cause
The presence of bruises may be seen in patients with platelet or coagulation disorders, or those who are being treated with anticoagulants. Unexplained bruises may be a warning sign of child abuse, domestic violence, or serious medical problems such as leukemia or meningococcal infection. Unexplained bruises can also indicate internal bleeding or certain types of cancer. Long-term glucocorticoid therapy may cause easy bruising. Bruises present around the navel (navel) with severe abdominal pain show acute pancreatitis. Connective tissue disorders such as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can cause bruises that are relatively easy or spontaneous depending on their severity.
During autopsy, bruises with abrasions show blisters occur when the individual is alive, compared to post mortem damage.
Size and shape
Bruise forms can be directly related to instruments of injury or modified by additional factors. The bruises often become more prominent as a time deviation, resulting in additional size and swelling, and can grow to large size for hours after the injury that causes the bruises it caused. As stated above, bruises are present at different locations of impact sites called ecchymosis and generally occur when the tissues at the site of the injury are loose, allowing blood to run under the skin to another location due to gravity or other forces, such as black eye.
- Network conditions and types: In soft tissue, larger areas are bruised than in faster tissues due to the ease of blood to attack the network.
- Age: old skin and other tissues are often thinner and less elastic and thus more prone to bruising.
- Gender: More bruises occur in women due to increased subcutaneous fat.
- Skin tone: The discoloration caused by bruises is more prominent on lighter skin.
- Disease: Coagulation, platelets, and vascular disease or deficiency can increase bruising because of more bleeding.
- Location: widespread vascularization causes more bleeding. Areas such as arms, knees, shin and facial areas are common bruising sites.
- Troops: The greater attack force causes a larger bruise.
- Genes: Although it has a completely normal coagulation factor, natural redheads have proven to be more bruised, although this may be just because of the greater visibility of more commonly related skin. Severity
- Blunt trauma
- Black eyes
- Blister
- Burn
- Cerebral contusion - bruises brain tissue
- Love-bites - bruises created by excessive suctioning from certain areas of the skin, associated with someone kissing or sucking the affected area before.
- Myocardial contusion - bruises on the heart muscle
- bruised lung - bruised lung tissue
- Ship feet - bruises under toenails
- Subconjunctival bleeding
- What is a bruise? for children
- Bruises in sports
Bruises can be assessed on a scale from 0-5 to categorize the severity and danger of injury.
The hazard score is determined by the degree and severity of the injury to the organ and tissue that causes bruising, which in turn depends on several factors. For example, the contracting muscle will bruise more severely, because the tissue will be crushed against the bone underneath. Capillaries vary in strength, stiffness and toughness, which can also vary by age and medical condition.
Another brilliance level rating system called the Chien Intensity Scale is slowly gaining popularity in some research circles. Although not widely used, the Chien Intensity Scale is used by institutes including the Memorial Research Institute of Ryan Mackey and the Sydney Medical Center.
The low levels of destructive forces produce small bruises and generally cause the individual to feel a minor pain immediately. Repeated impacts worsen bruising, increasing the level of danger. Typically, mild bruising heals almost within two weeks, although duration is affected by the variation in severity and individual healing process; generally, more severe or deeper bruises take longer.
Severe bruising (harm 2-3 scores) can be harmful or cause serious complications. Further bleeding and excess fluid can accumulate causing a hard lump and fluctuating or swelling of the hematoma. It has the potential to cause compartment syndrome because swelling cuts blood flow to the tissues. Trauma that induces bruising may also have caused severe and other potentially fatal damage to internal organs. For example, an impact to the head can cause traumatic brain injury: bleeding, bruising and large swelling of the brain with the potential to cause concussions, coma and death. Treatment for bruising may involve emergency surgery to reduce the pressure on the brain.
Damage that causes bruising can also cause broken bones, tendons or muscles to become strained, ligaments become dislocated, or other tissues become damaged. The symptoms and signs of this injury may initially seem like a simple bruise. A bruised stomach or a severe injury that causes difficulty in moving a limb or fluid under the skin may indicate a life-threatening injury and require the attention of a physician.
Maps Bruise
Mechanism
Increased pressure on the tissues causes the capillaries to burst under the skin, allowing blood to come out and build. As time goes by, blood seeps into surrounding tissues, causing the bruising to become dark and diffuse. The nerve endings in the affected tissue detect increased pressure, which, depending on the severity and location, can be considered as pain or pressure or asymptomatic. Damaged capillary endothelium releases endothelin, a hormone that causes narrowing of blood vessels to minimize bleeding. When the endothelium is destroyed, the affected von Willebrand factor is exposed and initiates coagulation, which creates a temporary clot to clog wounds and ultimately leads to normal tissue recovery.
During this time, larger bruises may change color because of the breakdown of hemoglobin from inside red blood cells that escape in the extracellular space. The striking colors of bruises caused by phagocytosis and degradation of hemoglobin sequences into biliverdin to bilirubin to hemosiderin, with hemoglobin itself producing a red-blue color, biliverdin produces a green color, bilirubin produces a yellow color, and hemosiderin produces a gold-brown color. When these products are cleared of the area, the bruises are gone. Often the underlying network damage has been corrected long before the process is completed.
Treatment
Treatment for mild bruising is minimal and may include RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), pain relievers (especially NSAIDs) and, later in recovery, light stretching exercises. In particular, immediate application of ice when lifting the area can reduce or completely prevent swelling by limiting blood flow to the area and preventing internal bleeding. Rest and prevent back injuries are essential for quick recovery. Applying a cream drug containing polysulfuric acid mucopolysaccharide (eg, Hirudoid) can also speed up the healing process. Other topical creams containing skin support, including but not limited to retinol or alpha hydroxy acid, such as DerMend, can improve the appearance of bruises faster than if left to heal on their own.
Massaging the area very gently and applying heat can encourage blood flow and relieve pain according to the control theory of gate pain, although causing additional pain may indicate a massage exacerbating the injury. As for most injuries, this technique should not be applied until at least three days after the initial damage to ensure all internal bleeding has stopped, because although increasing blood flow will allow more healing factors to the area and encourage drainage, if the injury is still this bleeding will allow more blood to seep out of the wound and cause the bruise to be worse.
In most cases the hematoma spontaneously returns, but in the case of a large or localized hematoma (eg, , brain), the doctor may optionally perform a hematoma puncture to allow the blood to escape.
History
Traditional medicines, including ancient Egyptian, Greek, Celtic, Turkish, Slavic, Mayan, Aztec and Chinese medicines, have used bruises as a treatment for some health problems. The method varies greatly and includes cupping, scraping, and slapping. Fire Cupper uses suction that causes bruises on the patient. Scraping (Sha Cave) uses a small hand device with a rounded tip to scratch the scalp or skin gently. Another ancient device that created light bruises was strigil, used by Greeks and Romans in the bathroom. Archaeologically there is no precedent for scraping tools before Greek archaeological evidence, not China or Egypt.
See also
Note
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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