Dermatophytosis , also known as ringworm , is a fungal infection of the skin. Usually this produces a red, scratchy, scaly, and circular rash. Hair loss can occur in the affected area. Symptoms begin four to fourteen days after exposure. Some areas may be affected at any given time.
About 40 types of fungus can cause ringworm. They are usually of the type Trichophyton , Microsporum , or Epidermophyton . Risk factors include using public showers, contact sports such as wrestling, excessive sweating, animal contact, obesity, and poor immune function. Ringworm can spread from other animals or between humans. Diagnosis is often based on appearance and symptoms. This can be confirmed by breeding or seeing scratched skin under a microscope.
Prevention is to keep the skin dry, do not walk barefoot in public, and do not share personal items. Treatment is usually with an anti-fungal cream such as clotrimazole or miconazole. If the scalp is involved, antifungals through the mouth such as fluconazole may be necessary.
Up to 20% of the population may be infected by ringworm at any given time. Infections of the groin are more common in males, while infections of the scalp and body occur equally in both sexes. Scalp infection is most common in children while the infection in the groin is most common in the elderly. Dwarf descriptions date back to ancient history.
Video Dermatophytosis
Signs and symptoms
Infections on the body can cause a typical enlargement of red ring rings ring. Foot skin infections can cause athlete's feet and in the groin, itchy athletes. Nail involvement is called onychomycosis, and they can thicken, discolour, and eventually crumble and fall off. They are common in most adults, with up to 20% of the population having one of these infections at any given moment.
Animals such as dogs and cats can also be affected by ringworm, and the disease can be transmitted between animals and humans, making it a zoonotic disease.
Special signs can be:
- red spots, scales, itching or lifting
- the patch may be more red on the outer edge or resemble a circle
- patches that start removing or expanding the blister
- Bald patch may develop, when the scalp is affected
- nails can be thickened, discolored or cracked
Maps Dermatophytosis
Cause
Mushrooms thrive in warm and humid areas, such as changing rooms, tanning beds, swimming pools and leather folds; therefore, those who cause dermatophytosis can be spread by using exercise machines that have not been disinfected after use, or by sharing towels, clothing, or footwear, such as rented bowling shoes, ski boots, ice skates or rollerblading.
Classification
A number of different fungal species are involved in dermatophytosis. Dermatophytes of the genus Trichophyton and Microsporum are the most common causative agents. These fungi invade various parts of the body and lead to the conditions listed below. Latin names for conditions (disease patterns), not the agents that cause them. The disease patterns below identify the types of fungi that cause them only in the cases listed:
- Dermatophytosis
- Tinea pedis (athlete's foot): a fungal infection of the foot
- Tinea unguium: fungal infections of the nails and toenails, and nail bedding
- Tinea corporis: fungal infection of the arms, legs, and body
- Tinea cruris (itchy athlete): fungal infection in the groin area
- Tinea manuum: fungal infection of the hands and palm area
- Tinea capitis: a fungal infection of the scalp and hair
- Tinea barbae: fungus infestation on facial hair
- Tinea faciei (mushroom face): fungal infection of the face
- Other superficial mikosis (not classic ringworm, because it is not caused by dermatophytes)
- Tinea versicolor: caused by Malassezia furfur
- Tinea nigra: caused by Hortaea werneckii
Prevention
Suggestions that are often given include:
- Avoid sharing clothes, sports equipment, towels, or sheets.
- Wash under hot water with fungicide soap after being suspected of ringworm.
- Avoid walking barefoot; instead of wearing the appropriate protective boots in the dressing room and sandals on the beach.
- Avoid touching pets with balding spots, as they often carry mushrooms.
Vaccinations
By 2016, there is no approved human vaccine against Dermatophytosis . For horses, dogs and cats there is an approved inactivated vaccine called Dermatophyton Insol (Boehringer Ingelheim) which provides time-limited protection against some trichophyte and microsporum fungi strains.
Treatment
Anti-fungal treatments include topical agents such as miconazole, terbinafine, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, or tolnaftate used twice daily until symptoms resolve - usually within a week or two. Topical treatment should be continued for 7 days after resolution of visible symptoms to prevent recurrence. The total duration of treatment is therefore generally two weeks, but may be for three.
In more severe cases or scalp ring worms, systemic treatment with oral medication may be given.
To prevent the spread of infection, lesions should not be touched, and good hygiene is maintained by washing hands and body.
Misdiagnosis and treatment of ringworm with topical steroids, a standard treatment of pityriasis rosea that is superficially similar, may lead to tinea incognito, a condition in which the ringworm fungus grows without distinctive features, such as typical lifting borders.
History
Dermatophytosis has been prevalent since before 1906, where ringworm ringworm is treated with mercury compounds or occasionally sulfur or iodine. The hairy area of ​​the skin is considered too difficult to treat, so the scalp is treated with X-rays and followed up with antifungal drugs. Another treatment of about the same time is the Araroba powder application.
Name
The most common term for infection, "ringworm", is erroneous, since this condition is caused by fungi of several different species and not by parasitic worms.
Other animals
Ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum is a clinical condition that often occurs in cattle. Young animals are more affected. Lesions are located in the head, neck, tail, and perineum. Typical lesion is a round, whitish crust. Some lesions may join in a "map-like appearance".
Clinical dermatophytosis is also diagnosed in sheep, dogs, cats and horses. The agent agent, other than Trichophyton verrucosum, is T. mentagrophytes , T. equinum M. canis , and M. nanum .
Dermatophytosis may also be present in the Holate eutriconodont mammal holotype, Spinolestes , indicating the Mesozoic origin for this disease.
Diagnosis
Ringworm in pets is often asymptomatic, resulting in a carrier condition that infects other pets. In some cases, the disease only occurs when the animal develops an immunodeficiency condition. Patches that circle in the skin indicate a diagnosis, but no lesions are really specific to the fungus. Similar poultry can occur due to allergies, sarcoptic mange, and other conditions. Three species of fungi cause 95% dermatophytosis in pets: these are Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes.
Veterinarians have several tests to identify ringworm infection and identify fungal species that cause it:
Woods Test: This is an ultraviolet ray with a magnifying lens. Only 50% of M. canis will appear as apple green fluorescence on the hair shaft, under UV light. Other fungi do not appear. The neon material is not the fungus itself (which does not fluoresce), but the excretory product of the fungus that attaches to the hair. The infected skin does not fluoresce.
Microscopic tests: Veterinarians take hair from around the infected area and place it in a dye solution to be seen under a microscope. Mushroom spores can be seen directly on the hair shaft. This technique identifies fungal infections in about 40% -70% of infections, but can not identify the dermatophyte species.
Cultural test: This is the most effective, but also the most time-consuming, way to determine if it is ringworm in a pet. In this test, the veterinarian collects hair from a pet, or collects fungal spores from a pet's hair with a toothbrush, or other instrument, and inocates a mushroom medium for culture. This culture can be brushed with transparent ribbons and then read by a veterinarian using a microscope, or it can be sent to a pathological lab. Three common types of fungi that cause ringworm pet can be identified by their characteristic spores. These are macroconidia that appear differently in two common species of microspores, and microconidia is typical of Trichophyton infection.
Identifying fungal species involved in a pet infection can help control the source of the infection. M. canis , regardless of its name, is more common in domestic cats, and 98% of cat infections are present in these organisms. It can also infect dogs and humans. T. mentagrophytes has a major reservoir in rodents, but can also infect rabbits, dogs, and pets. M. gypseum is a soil organism and is often contracted from gardens and other such places. In addition to humans, he can infect rodents, dogs, cats, horses, cows, and pigs.
Treatment
Pets
Treatment requires both systemic oral treatment with most of the same drugs used in humans - terbinafine, fluconazole, or itraconazole - as well as topical "dye" therapy.
Since it is usually a longer hairstyle in pets compared to humans, the area of ​​infection and possibly all longer hairs from pets should be clamped to reduce the burden of mold spores attached to the pet hair rod. However, close shaving is usually not done because skin abduction facilitates further skin infections.
The twice-weekly bath of a pet with a dilute sulfur lime solution is effective in eradicating fungal spores. This should be continued for 3 to 8 weeks.
Washing the household hard surface with 1:10 household sodium hypochlorite bleach solution is effective in killing spores, but is too irritating to be used directly on hair and skin.
Pet hair should be removed vigorously from all household surfaces, and then a vacuum bag, and perhaps even a vacuum cleaner itself, is discarded when this has been done repeatedly. Removal of all hair is important, because the spores can last 12 months or even for two years on the hair that sticks to the surface.
Cow
In bovines, infestations are difficult to cure, because systemic treatment is not economical. Local treatment with iodine compounds takes time, as it requires the erosion of crusty lesions. In addition, care should be taken with gloves, in order for the worker to become full.
See also
- Mycobiota
References
External links
- Tinea photo library in Dermnet
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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