black eye is a fat or strip applied under the eye to reduce glare. It is often used by American football, baseball, and lacrosse players to reduce the effects of bright sunlight or stadium spotlights.
This is a form of functional makeup.
Video Eye black
Variety
- Traditional fats consist of beeswax, paraffin, and carbon.
- An anti-glare face strip that imitates fat is also commonly used.
Maps Eye black
History
One of the earliest known examples of a player wearing black eyes was the Babe Ruth baseball legend, who, in or around the 1930s, used oil in an effort to reduce the sun's glare. According to Paul Lukas of ESPN.com, black eyes were caught with American footballer Andy Farkas. He also stated that the original black eye is made from burning cork ash.
2003 learn
A 2003 study by Brian DeBroff and Patricia Pahk tested whether black eye fat actually has anti-glare properties. The subjects were divided into three groups: black eye users, anti-glare sticker users, and petroleum jelly users. Subject's eyesight is tested using eye charts when exposed to natural sunlight.
The study concluded that black eyes reduce solar glare and increase contrast sensitivity, while commercial anti-glare stickers and petroleum jelly (control agents) are found to be ineffective.
However, this study is subject to an unavoidable demand bias, in which test subjects can unconsciously alter their responses during testing based on the fact that they know what substance they are wearing. Also, petroleum jelly may introduce a glare that will not occur in natural skin and this study does not test the natural skin control conditions. Learning bias is also a factor in results because of the repetition graph.
New Hampshire Study
A study by Benjamin R. Powers at the University of New Hampshire, who improved DeBroff's methodology, found black eyes to reduce the glare from the sun in women and in those whose eyes were not blue. The study also tested the subject of men and blue eyes. However, the results were not statistically significant (probably due to a smaller sample size of the test subjects). Some testing is also done indoors under artificial lighting (when bad weather is prohibited outdoors). However, these results show little difference and are not statistically significant. The Powers study is not a double-blind study because those who are associated with the test subject know the substance that is applied. Also, the eye test is performed at a distance of only 1.15 meters.
MythBusters Test
On episodes of MythBusters , Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman test whether black eyes reduce glare. They decided that, while the black eye did not remove the glare, it enhanced the athlete's ability to distinguish between light and dark, enhancing the player's ability to track moving objects in bright environments.
Eye black message
Some athletes, especially at the college level, started practicing short messages on black stickers on their adhesive eyes. This trend gained traction among football players in the mid-2000s, popularized by Reggie Bush, which featured homage to his hometown; Other popular messages include Bible verses, warning tributes, and licensed university logos. The show began to garner wide media attention around Tim Tebow, who used biblical references. The practice was banned on April 14, 2010, when the NCAA Playing Rules Oversight Panel (PROP) approved a proposal that affected "that players are not allowed to have any symbols or messages on their black eyes beginning in the 2010 season."
References
External links
- The Power of Darkness | Popular Science
- Black Eyes Used to Cut Glare, or Turn on the Highlights - New York Times
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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