Many New York City Subway stations are adorned with colorful ceramic plaques and tiled mosaics. Of these, many take the shape of the mark, identify the location of the station. Much of this work of ceramics existed when the subway system first opened on October 27, 1904. New work continues to be installed every year, mostly cheerful and fantastic.
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Heins & amp; LaFarge (1901-1907)
The earliest ceramics work is done by Heins & amp; LaFarge (artist George C. Heins and Christopher Grant LaFarge), began in 1901 and continued until 1907. Heins and LaFarge are both John LaFarge's family (brothers and sons, respectively), famous glass craftsmen of the day that. They are part of the Art and Craft movement and work in Beaux-Arts architectural style, both of which are very popular at the turn of the 20th century. By the time they recruited, they had completed major projects at St. John the Divine and the Bronx Zoo in New York. In addition to designing artistic motives, Heins and LaFarge also do a lot of architectural work that determines the overall appearance of all subway stations.
They designed a tablet name made of tiles with station names in serif and sans serif romance, with all letters capitalized. Some tiles by Heins and LaFarge are for station direction information such as exit directions, platforms and various platforms, platforms and platforms from multiple directions. The tablet name in each station contains a complex border tilework around the tablet.
Heins and LaFarge know what ingredients can be used for heavy duty cleaning and scrubbing; they work with ceramic companies Grueby Faience Company of Boston and Rookwood Pottery of Cincinnati.
Their ceramic artworks include colorful pictorial motifs relevant to the station's location, for example:
- The South Ferry loop station is adorned with 15 relief ship sail representatives on water.
- The Astor Place station is adorned with a large ceramic beaver symbol, representing the beaver feather that helps make the rich John Jacob Astor.
- The 116th Street - Columbia University station includes a symbol of relief representing Columbia University nearby.
Their relief on the subway has been likened to the work of Italian Renaissance artist Andrea Della Robbia. Most of their tile work is station identification signs to guide passengers. In addition to serving the aesthetic function, the images greatly assist the non-English speaking population in New York City and those who can not read. A traveler can be told to "stop at a stop with a picture of a beaver." As well as the ceramic plaque and ceramic signature, Heins and LaFarge design a decorative motif that runs, such as the pattern of eggs and darts, along the ceiling of the station.
In addition to their wall tilework, Heins and LaFarge "hung porcelain-large enamel marks on the express platform, using a black [literally] type on a white background and painted station names on a round cast iron column."
Squire Vickers (1906-1942)
In 1906, Squire J. Vickers, then a young architect, was hired. Vickers showed a lot of respect for Heins and LaFarge, but his work consisted mostly of mosaics; he does not use any help, citing the need for easy cleaning. Vickers also keeps the fonts Heins and LaFarge use in their name tablets; however, in the new name Vickers tablet, work on tablet boundaries is simplified.
In his illustrated work, Vickers emphasized the real buildings as landmarks, such as his colorful portrayal of Brooklyn Borough Hall (1919) at the station by that name, rather than Heins and LaFarge beavers and sailboats. He explained his technique:
Through the 1930s, Vickers ordered some enamel signs for IRT and BMT from both Nelke Signs and Baltimore Enamel Company. These marks are located in the girder and cast iron columns, and make it easier to identify the station. The shortened station name on porcelain-enamel signs has a strong sans serif font.
Vickers continued to work on a subway project for 36 years, until 1942.
2007 exhibition
Two exhibits, one celebrates Heins & amp; LaFarge and one for Vickers, were installed at the Gallery Gallery of the New York Transit Museum at Grand Central Terminal during 2007.
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IND tiles
The tiles used in the Independent Subway System (IND) are very simple and hard, and usually consist of only four colors: white, black, and station-specific tape and border tile colors. Instead of using serif and sans-serif fonts from IRT and BMT, IND uses a block geometric font, a modified version of the previous sans-serif font. The Art Deco-influenced shape of the IND tile is designed in part by Vickers, which integrates the direction signs especially into the wall itself.
Station-specific tiles used at IND stations are all color-coded in a particular five-color pattern, as they were originally designed to facilitate navigation for travelers going from Manhattan. With one exception, this grouping follows the same order to exit: purple (purple), blue, green, yellow, and red. Exceptions are on the IND Fulton Street Line: Utica Avenue/Ralph Avenue/Rockaway Avenue (red family) followed by blue family stations, Broadway Junction, Liberty Avenue, Van Siclen Avenue, and Shepherd Avenue, then (Euclid Avenue), then green (Grant Avenue). When someone goes to town or away from Manhattan, the color of the tile changes whenever there is an express station on a physical line. Thus, the local station that comes directly to the west of the express station has the same color tiles as the next express station of Manhattan. The express station has a tile band that is wider than the local station, except at a particular station on the southern IND Eighth Avenue Line, where the station wall has been repaired. Simple tablets, with a general design, and black tiles with white letters spell the name of the station on the wall.
There are also nuances on the tile tape along the Eight Avenue Line, the first of the IND lines to be opened. Since there are nine express stations along the line, there are ten color groups, which means there are two tile families of the same color on the same line. The line begins with a purple family tile on High Street, and the fifth express station on the phone is on 42nd Street, where the color pattern of the tiles starts from the purple family tiles. Therefore, 42nd Street and all northern stations contain band boundaries consisting of half tall black tiles. The next station is to the south, 34th Street-Penn Station, and all the southern stations contain a band boundary with a half-tile tile that has a deeper color than the tile's tone of the station. For example, 34th Street will have a red tile color and a border of dark red tile ribbons.
Most of the IND stations in 1955 have plaque tiles with station names, as well as colored lines with black borders, on platforms or track walls. The tile plaque exists only at the station where there is a wall next to the platform. The number of tiles between the lines is 2 tiles for local stations and three for express/transfer stations. Some of the original renovated stations, such as Lexington Avenue/53rd Street, have no color.
The IND Crosstown line, which does not have an express station, uses three green shapes on its tile, with a light green transfer station. (Broadway is planned as a transfer to the Second IND line The system is not built; thus, the walls on Broadway have three rows of tiles instead of two rows of tiles found on the walls of other Crosstown Line channels).
Newer tiles
Glass tiles (1950s-1970s)
In the 1950s, trains grew from 5 cars to 8-10 cars. Glass tiles in colors like dull green, ocher, and blue adorn the new station extension walls. The letters are filtered to the tile in black sans serif.
Porcelain tiles (end 2000-present)
The new station on Second Avenue Subway has porcelain tiles and artworks inside.
The wall adjacent to the rail at the new 34th Street station has a white tile arranged in a three-column set of 3 tiles each. There are two high gray gray boxes containing white "34" in the middle of each set of columns.
South Ferry Station has white porcelain tiles separated by metal rows.
New and revised tiles at existing stations
Some subway stations have new ceramics and mosaics:
- The 28th Street station on the BMT Broadway Line features the imaginary "City Dwellers" mosaic by Mark Hadjipateras.
- Houston Street Station on IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line features "Diving Platform" by Deborah Brown.
- The 81st Street - Museum of Natural History stations on IND Eighth Avenue Line has "For Want of a Nail" by MTA Arts for the Transit Design Team.
- The Prince Street station on the BMT Broadway Line shows "Carrying On", a work of art by Janet Zweig.
- The Cathedral Parkway - 110th Street station at IND Eighth Avenue Line boasts "Migration" by artist Christopher Wynter.
- The 191st Street station on IRT Broadway - Seventh Avenue Line has been renovated with original ceramic reproductions.
References
Further reading
External links
- MTA Arts for Transit-The official NYC Subway Art and Rail Art Guide
- New York - New Mosaic
- Underground Art Guide
- SubwayCeramics historical-authentic subway tiles
- History of Subway Tile
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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