Trepanning , also known as trepanation , trephination , trephining or make a hole thorn ( the verb trepan is derived from the Ancient French from the Medieval Latin trepanum from the Greek trypanon , literally "boror, auger") is an intervention surgery in which a hole is drilled or scraped into a human skull, exposing the dura mater to cure health problems associated with intracranial disease or release a depressed blood buildup from injury. It can also refer to holes "thorns" made through other body surfaces, including nail beds. This is often used to reduce under surface pressure. A trephine is a tool used to cut skull bones.
In ancient times, holes were drilled into people who behave in a way that is considered abnormal to excrete what people believe to be evil spirits. Evidence of trepanation has been found in the relics of prehistoric humans from the Neolithic era forward. The cave paintings show that people believe that this practice will cure epileptic seizures, migraines, and mental disorders. The bones that are planted are stored by prehistoric people and may have been used as a charm to ward off evil spirits. The evidence also suggests that trepanation is a primitive emergency surgery after a head injury to remove bone fragments from a fractured skull and cleanse the blood that often recalls under the skull after a blow to the head. Such injuries are typical for primitive armaments such as slings and war clubs. There are several uses of contemporary terms. In modern eye surgery, trephine instruments are used in corneal transplant surgery. The procedure of drilling holes through nails or toenails is also known as trephination. This is done by a doctor or surgeon to reduce the pain associated with subungual hematoma (blood under the nail); a small amount of blood is expressed through holes and pain associated with partially lightened pressure.
Video Trepanning
History
Prehistoric evidence
Trepanation may be the oldest surgical procedure in which there is archaeological evidence, and in some areas may have been very widespread. At one burial site in France dated 6500 BC, 40 of the 120 prehistoric skulls found had trepanation holes. Many prehistoric and premodern patients have signs of healing their skull structure, showing that many of those who underwent the surgery survived. Another skull with a trepanation hole was found on the Chalaghantepe cemetery site (Agdam Rayon, Azerbaijan) dated to the 5th millennium BC.
More than 1,500 skulls damaged from the Neolithic period (representing 5 to 10% of all Stone Age skulls) have been found all over the world - from Europe, Siberia, China and America. Most crania are underestimated belonging to adult males, but women and children are also represented. The cattle skull of 3400-3000 BC, where trepanation has been done is found in France.
Pre-Columbus Mesoamerica
In the more recent epoch of postmortal pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, evidence for the practice of trepanation and a variety of other skull deformation techniques originated from various sources, including remains of physical skull burial, allegory in iconographic artwork and reports from colonial post.
Among the people of New World trepanning most often found in Andean civilization, such as pre-Inca culture. For example, the Paracas Ica culture, located in what is now known as Ica, is located south of Lima. It has also been found at the Muisca Confederation (in modern Colombia) and the Inca Empire. In both, even cranioplasty exists. Its prevalence among Mesoamerican civilizations is much lower, at least seen from the relatively few trepanated faucets that have been found.
Archaeological records in Mesoamerica are increasingly complicated by the practice of skull cutting and modifications made after the death of the subject, in the mode of "trophy skull" and a kind of captive and enemy. This is a widespread tradition, illustrated in pre-Columbian art that sometimes depicts decorated princes or modified skulls from their losing enemies, or from the sacrificial rituals of victims. Some Mesoamerican cultures use a shelf-skull (known as Nahuatlnya, tzompantli ), in which the skull is stabbed in wood rows or columns. However, some evidence of the original trepanation in Mesoamerica (ie, where the subject is alive) has survived.
The earliest archaeological survey published from trepanated crania is a late 19th-century study of several specimens taken from the Tarahumara mountains by Norwegian ethnographer Carl Lumholtz. Subsequent studies documented cases identified from various locations in Oaxaca and central Mexico, such as Tilantongo, Oaxaca and the main Zapotec site Monte AlbÃÆ'¡n. Two specimens from the Tlatilco homeland (dating back to 1400 BC) show that the practice has a long tradition.
A study of ten low-status burials of the Late Classian period in Monte AlbÃÆ'¡n concluded that trepanation has been applied in a non-therapeutic fashion, and, since several techniques have been used and since some people have received more than one trepanation, concluding it has been done experimentally. Summing up events to represent experiments in people until they die, the study interprets that the use of trepanation as an indicator of a stressful sociopolitical climate that soon led to the abandonment of Monte Alban as a major regional administrative center in the Oaxacan highlands.
Specimens identified from areas of Maya civilization in southern Mexico, Guatemala and the YucatÃÆ'¡n Peninsula do not show evidence of drilling or cutting techniques found in central Mexico and the highlands. Instead, the pre-Columbian Maya apparently used abrasive techniques that drifted behind the skull, attenuating bones and occasionally perforating, similar to examples from Cholula. Many skulls from the Maya date date from the Postclassic period (about 950-1400), and include specimens found in Palenque in Chiapas, and recovered from the Sacred Cenote at the prominent Postclassic site Chichen Itza in northern YucatÃÆ'¡n.
pre-modern Europe
Trepanation is also done in the classical and Renaissance periods. Hippocrates gave specific instructions on the procedure of his evolution through the Greek period, and Galen also outlined the procedure. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, trepanation was practiced as a cure for various diseases, including spasms and skull fractures. Of the eight skeletons with trepanation from the 6th to the 8th centuries found in southwest Germany, seven skulls showed concrete evidence of healing and survival after trepanation showed that high operability survival rates and infection rates were low.
In Magyars's pre-Christian (Pagan) grave, archaeologists uncover a surprisingly high frequency (12.5%) skull with trepanation, although more than 90% are partial (this may serve ritual purposes). Trepanation is done in adults only, with the same frequency for men and women, but the frequency increases with age and wealth. This habit suddenly disappears with the start of the Christian era.
Maps Trepanning
Modern medical practice
Prefrontal leucotomy, lobotomy precursor, is done by cutting the trephine hole into the skull, inserting the instrument, and destroying parts of the brain. This is then made unnecessary by the development of the "orbital transit" lobotomy in which surges are inserted through the eye socket.
Trepanation is a treatment used for epidural and subdural hematomas, and for surgical access to certain neurosurgical procedures, such as intracranial pressure monitoring. Modern surgeons generally use the term craniotomy for this procedure. Discarded skull pieces are usually replaced as soon as possible. If the bone is not replaced, then this procedure is considered craniectomy. Trepanation instruments are now available with diamond-coated, less traumatic than classic trephines with sharp teeth. They are smooth to soft tissue and only cut bones.
Voluntary trepanation
The practice of trepanning also continues today due to the belief in various pseudoscientific medical benefits. Some advocates suggest that scratching causes an increase in blood flow. Individuals have practiced non-emergency packing for psychological purposes. A prominent supporter of the modern outlook is Peter Halvorson, who drilled a hole in front of his own skull to increase "brain blood volume".
One of the most prominent advocates of trepanning is the Dutch librarian Bart Huges. In 1965, Huges drilled a hole in his own head with a dentist drill as a publicity stunt. Huges claims that trepanning increases "brain blood volume" and thereby increases cerebral metabolism in a manner similar to cerebral vasodilators such as ginkgo biloba. This claim is not supported by research.
In the chapter of his book Eccentric Life & amp; Oddly, esoterically John Michell cites Huges as the pioneer of the idea of ​​trepanning in his 1962 monograph, Homo Sapiens Correctus, often quoted by advocates of self-betrayal. Among other arguments, Huges argues that children have a higher level of consciousness and because the skulls of children are not completely closed, one can return to a state of consciousness that was originally like a child by injuring oneself. Furthermore, by allowing the brain to beat freely, Huges argues that a number of benefits will increase.
Michell cites a book entitled Bore Hole written by Joey Mellen. By the time the passage below was written, Joey and his partner, Amanda Feilding, had made two previous attempts to step on Mellen. The second attempt came to an end by placing Mellen in the hospital, where he was reprimanded and sent for psychiatric evaluation. After he returned home, Mellen decided to try again. He describes his third attempt at self-trepanation:
After a while the sound of schlurp sounded unpleasant and the sound of bubbles. I pulled the hammer and the noise continued. It sounded like a bubble of air that flowed beneath the skull as they pressed it out. I looked at the trees and there was a bit of bone inside. Finally!
Feilding also performed self-trepanation with a drill, while Mellen fired the operation for the short film "Heartbeat in the Brain", which has long been considered to have been lost. The parts of the film can be seen in the documentary A Hole in the Head .
Michell also describes an English group that advocates self-regulation to allow brain access to more space and oxygen. Other modern trepanation practitioners claim that he holds other medical benefits, such as treatments for depression or other psychological illnesses. In 2000, two men from Cedar City, Utah were sued for practicing drugs without a license after they trained a British woman to treat chronic fatigue syndrome and depression.
See also
- Craniotome (tool)
- Craniotomy
- Lobotomy
- MÃÆ'¼tter Museum
- Head Shrunken
References
External links
- "Hole in the Head" - documentary about trepanation
- WHO surgical instructions on the hole spine
- Skeptical Dictionary Entries on Trepanation
- History of illustrated illustration
- Interview with Heather Perry's own interpreter
- ABC: History of Craniotomy phisick.com 14 Nov 2011
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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