Magic or sorcery broadly means the practice and belief in the magical skills and abilities performed by practitioners and solitary groups. Magic is a broad term that varies culturally and socially, and thus can be difficult to pinpoint, therefore cross-cultural assumptions about the meaning or meaning of the term should be applied with caution. Magic often occupies the role of divinatory religion or medicine, and is often present in societies and groups whose cultural framework includes a magical world view.
Video Witchcraft
Drafts
The concept of magic and belief in its existence has persisted throughout recorded history. They have been present or centered at various times and in diverse forms across cultures and religions around the world, including "primitive" and "very advanced" cultures, and continue to play an important role in many cultures today. Scientifically, the existence of magical powers and witchcraft are generally believed to be unreliable and unsupported by high-quality experimental testing, although the practices and effects of individual magic may be open to scientific explanations or explained through mentalism and psychology.
Historically, the dominant concept of magic in the Western world came from Old Testament law against witchcraft, and entered the mainstream when belief in magic gained the Church's approval in the Early Modern Period. This creates a theosophical conflict between good and evil, in which magic is generally evil and often associated with demons and demons. It culminates in death, torture and scapegoat (blaming for human misfortune), and many years of witch-scale experiments and witch hunts, especially in Protestant Europe, before most of the stops during the European Enlightenment Era. The Christian view of modern times is diverse and encompasses the whole view of strong conviction and opposition (especially from Christian fundamentalists) to non-beliefs, and in some churches even approved. From the mid-20th century, magic - sometimes called contemporary magic to distinguish it clearly from old beliefs - became the name of a branch of modern paganism. It is mainly practiced in Wiccan and modern magic traditions, and is no longer a practice of secrecy.
The mainstream Christian view of the West is far from the only society's perspective on magic. Many cultures around the world continue to have widespread cultural practices and beliefs that are loosely translated into English as "magic", although English translations cover a great deal of diversity in their form, magical beliefs, practices, and places in their society. During the Age of Colonialism, many cultures around the world were exposed to the modern Western world through colonialism, usually accompanied and often preceded by intensive Christian missionary activity (see "Christianization"). Beliefs relating to magic and magic in these cultures are at times influenced by prevailing Western concepts. Wizards hunt, scapegoat, and kill or avoid suspected magicians still happening in the modern era, by killing both victims because of their supposedly magical body parts, and the wizarding suspects.
The suspicion of modern medicine due to beliefs about the disease caused by magic also continues in many countries to this day, with tragic health consequences. HIV/AIDS and Ebola virus diseases are two examples of the often deadly infectious disease outbreaks whose medical care and detention have been severely hampered by regional confidence in magic. Other severe medical conditions whose treatment is inhibited in this way include tuberculosis, leprosy, epilepsy and a common bacterial Buruli ulcer. Public health care often requires adequate educational work linked to epidemics and modern health knowledge in many parts of the world where trust in magic, to encourage effective preventative health measures and care, to reduce blame, exclusion and stigmatization victims, and to prevent killing people and endangering animal species to parts of the body believed to carry magical abilities.
Maps Witchcraft
Etymology and definition
The word "witch" is an uncertain origin. There are many etymologies that can be derived. One popular belief is that "it is related to English words, wise, wise, wisdom [Germanic root * weit-, * wait-, * wit-; Indo-European root * weid-, * woid-, * wid - "," so "the craft of the wise." Another is from Old English wiccecrÃÆ'Â|ft, compound "wicce" ("witch") and "crÃÆ'Â|ft" ("craft").
In anthropological terms, magicians are different from wizards because they do not use physical tools or actions to condemn; their maleficium is thought to extend from some intangible inner quality, and one may not be aware of being a witch, or may have been convinced of his nature by the suggestions of others. This definition was pioneered in the study of African magical beliefs by E. E. Evans-Pritchard, who warned that it may not fit with normal English usage.
European wizard historians have found a difficult anthropological definition to apply to European and English magic, where magicians can both use (or be accused of using) physical techniques, as well as some who have actually tried to harm the mind alone. European magic is seen by historians and anthropologists as ideologies to explain misfortune; However, this ideology has been manifested in various ways, as described below.
Overview
Alleged practice
Historically, magic labels have been applied to practices that people believe affects people's minds, bodies, or property against their will - or the practice of labeling believers undermines social or religious order. Some modern commentators believe the evil nature of witchcraft is Christian projection. The concept of magic workers who affect the body or property of others contrary to their desires is evident in many cultures, since traditions in folk magic and religious magic have a purpose to fight evil magic or identify evil magic users. Many examples appear in the early texts, such as those from ancient Egypt and Babylon. Malicious users of magic can be a credible cause for diseases, diseases of animals, bad luck, sudden death, impotence and other misfortune. The magic of a more sociable and socially acceptable type can then be used to alter the malice aside, or identify the intended offender so that punishment can be done. The folk magic used to identify or protect evil magic users is often indistinguishable from that used by magicians themselves.
"It is said here that medical art plays an important and sometimes crucial role in the magic controversy in England in the seventeenth century.Not only doctors and surgeons are the main professional arbitrators to determine the natural signs and natural symptoms of the disease , they hold the key to the legislative, judicial and ministerial roles associated with the witch's process.44 male doctors, surgeons, and pharmacists are mentioned in court transcripts or other contemporary sources of material related to New England magic.These practitioners are on inspection coroners, autopsy, taking testimony, issuing writings, writing letters, or committing people to prison, in addition to diagnosing and treating patients.Some practitioners are just mentioned in passing. "
There is also a popular belief about the concept of white witch and white magic, which is very kind hearted. Many neopagan wizards strongly identify this concept, and recognize a code of ethics that prevents them from doing magic on someone without their request.
Where belief in evil magical practices exists, such practitioners are usually forbidden by law and are hated and feared by the general public, while the favorable magic is tolerated or even accepted by society - even if orthodox formation is against it.
Spell checking
Perhaps the most famous characteristic of a magician is the ability to read the mantra, "spell" being the word used to signify the way used to perform magical actions. Mantra can consist of a set of words, formulas or verses, or ritual acts, or a combination of them all. Traditional spells are cast by many methods, such as with writing runes or sigils on objects to give them magical powers; by the sacrifice or binding of a candle or a person's clay image (popet) to influence it or magically; with a mantra reading; by physical ritual performance; by employing magical herbs as amulets or herbs; by looking in the mirror, sword or other specula (scrying) for divination purposes; and in many other ways.
Necromancy (magic trick)
Strictly speaking, "necromancy" is the practice of the spirits of the dead for prophecy or prophecy - although the term has also been applied to raise the dead for other purposes. The Witch of the Bible from Endor did it (1 Sam. 28), and this was one of the practices of magic cursed by the offric of Eynsham:
Witches still go across the street and worship the infidels with their delusional magic and call the devil; and he came to them in the likeness of the man who was buried there, as if he rose from the dead.
Demonologi
In Christianity and Islam, witchcraft becomes associated with apostasy and apostasy and is seen as a crime. Among Catholics, Protestants, and secular leaders of the late medieval/early modern European period, the fear of magic increased to fever and sometimes led to large-scale hunting. The key century is the fifteenth century, which saw a dramatic increase in awareness and terror of witchcraft, culminating in the publication of Malilus Maleficarum, but prepared by popular fanatic preachers such as Bernardino of Siena. Throughout this time, it was increasingly believed that Christians were engaged in an apocalyptic battle against Satan and his secret army, which had entered into a cruel pact. In total, tens or hundreds of thousands of people were executed, and others were imprisoned, tortured, exiled, and owned land and property confiscated. The majority of those charged are women, although in some areas the majority are male. "Warlock" is sometimes mistakenly used for male witches. The accusations of witchcraft are often combined with other heresy allegations against groups such as Cathars and Waldensians.
The Malleus Maleficarum (Latin for "Hammer of the Witches") is a wizard hunting guide written in 1486 by two German monks, Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger. It was used by Catholics and Protestants for several hundred years, describing how to identify a magician, what makes a woman more likely than a man to be a magician, how to put a magician in court, and how to punish a wizard. This book defines magicians as evil and usually female. This book became a handbook for secular courts throughout Renaissance Europe, but was not used by the Inquisition, which even warned against relying on work, and was later formally condemned by the Catholic Church in 1490.
In the modern Western world, witchcraft is often accompanied by panic rituals of demonic abuse. Such accusations are the opposite of blood slander of various kinds, which can be found throughout the history of the whole world.
White witch
During the early modern period, the English term "witch" was not exclusively negative in a sense, and could also show a cunning person. As Alan McFarlane puts it, "There are a number of terms that can be exchanged for these practitioners, 'white', 'good' or 'unbinding' witches, blessings, sorcerers, sorcerers, but 'wily men' and 'wise men' is the most frequent. "The contemporary Reginald Scot explains," On this day it makes no difference to say in English, 'she is a witch' or 'she is a wise woman' ". People witches throughout Europe are often viewed ambivalently by the community, and are considered capable of harming as healing, which can cause them to be accused of being "magicians" in a negative sense. Many of the English "witches" convicted of accompanying demons seem to be cunning people whose familiar youngest people have been persecuted; many French devins-guerisseurs ("fortune-tellers") are accused of magic, and more than half of the accused wizards in Hungary appear to have become physicians.
Several physicians and fortune-tellers who have historically been accused of witches have regarded themselves as mediators between the worldly and the spiritual world, more or less equivalent to the shamans. Such people describe their contact with fairies, spirits that often involve experiences outside the body and traveling through the "other world" realms. This natural belief is implied in folklore throughout much of Europe, and is explicitly portrayed by the accused witches in central and southern Europe. Recurring themes include participation in large or dead party processions, often led by horned male deities or female divinity who teach magic and give prophecies; and participation in the battle against evil spirits, "vampires", or "wizards" to win fertility and prosperity for society.
Allegations of witchcraft
ÃÆ' â € ° va PÃÆ'³cs stated that the reason for the alleged witchcraft falls into four general categories:
- A person is caught in a positive or negative magical action
- Witches or well-intentioned healers lose the trust of their clients or their authority
- A person does nothing but get hostility from his neighbor
- A person is regarded as a magician and surrounded by the aura of a wizard-belief or occult
He identifies three types of magicians in popular belief:
- "Environmental witch" or "social wizard": a witch who condemns a neighbor after a conflict.
- The magician or magician: either a professional healer, a shaman, a seer or a midwife, or a person who has gone through a magic enhancing his property with the perceived disservice of a neighboring household; because of neighbor or community competition and ambiguity between positive and negative magic, such individuals can be labeled as magicians.
- The "supernatural" wizard or "night": described in the court narrative as a demon that appears in vision and dreams.
"Witch area" is a product of environmental tension, and is only found in the community of independent slave villages where most of the population depends on each other. Such allegations follow the termination of some social norms, such as the failure to return lending, and any person part of a normal social exchange has the potential to fall into suspicion. The wizard's claim of "witches" and "supernatural" magicians can arise from social tensions, but not exclusively; Supernatural witches in particular are often unrelated to communal conflicts, but state the tension between the human and supernatural worlds; and in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, such supernatural magicians became ideologies explaining the disasters that afflict the whole community.
Confidence in magic continues to be present today in some societies and the charge of witchcraft is the trigger of serious forms of violence, including murder. Such happenings are common in places like Burkina Faso, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malawi, Nepal, and Tanzania. The allegations of witchcraft are sometimes associated with personal strife, jealousy, and conflicts between neighbors or families over land or inheritance. Magic-related violence is often discussed as a serious problem in the context of wider violence against women.
In Tanzania, about 500 older women are killed each year following allegations against them about magic/or being a magician. Apart from violence outside the legal process, there is also violence recognized by the state in several jurisdictions. For example, in Saudi Arabia practicing 'magic and witchcraft' is a crime that can be put to death and the state has executed people for this crime in 2011, 2012 and 2014.
Children in some regions of the world, such as parts of Africa, are also vulnerable to violence associated with witchcraft allegations. Such incidents also occurred in immigrant communities in the UK, including the widely publicized case of the Victoria ClimbiÃÆ' © killing.
Contemporary magic
The modern practices identified by their practitioners as "witchcraft" have grown dramatically since the beginning of the 20th century. Generally described as a revival of pre-Christian Christian rituals and spirituality, they are understood to involve varying degrees of magic, shamanism, traditional medicine, spiritual healing, calling for elements and spirits, worship of ancient deities and archetypes, and alignment with the forces of nature.
The first public Neopagan group to appear in public, during the 1950s and 60s, was Bricket Wood's cover-up of Gerald Gardner and Roy Bowers's Clan of Tubal Cain. They operate as a secret initiation group. Practitioners and other individual authors such as Paul Huson also claim the legacy of a surviving tradition of magic.
Wicca
During the 20th century, interest in magic in the English-speaking and European countries began to rise, inspired mainly by Margaret Murray's theory of a pan-European wizard witch originally published in 1921, for being discredited by more careful historical research. Interest intensified, however, by Gerald Gardner's claim in 1954 at Witchcraft Today that a form of magic still exists in England. The truth of Gardner's claim is now also disputed, with different historians offering evidence or opposing the existence of religion before Gardner.
The Wicca originally taught by Gardner is a magical religion that has many similarities to the crystals initiated by Margaret Murray in the 1920s. Indeed, Murray wrote an introduction to Gardner's Witchcraft Today , which basically placed his approval stamp. Wicca is now practiced as a religion of the nature of the secret society of initiation with positive ethical principles, which are organized into autonomous covens and led by the High Priesthood. There is also a large "Eclectic Wiccan" movement of individuals and groups that share Wiccan's key beliefs but do not have an initiation or affiliation connection with traditional Wicca. Wiccan writings and rituals show loans from a number of sources including the magic of the 19th and 20th century ceremonies, the medieval grimoire known as the Key of Solomon, the Aleister Crowley Order of Templi Orientis and the pre-Christian religion. Both men and women are both called "witches." They practiced the form of duotheistic universism.
Ever since Gardner's death in 1964, the Wicca he claimed to have initiated has attracted many initiates, becoming the largest of the wisdom traditions of the Western world, and has influenced the Neopagan and other occult movements.
Magic, feminism, and media
The Wiccan literature has been described as helping the empowerment of young women through the living depictions of female protagonists. Part of the recent growth in Neo-Pagan religions has been attributed to the existence of powerful media from fictional works such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and the Harry Potter series with their magical depictions. Extensive access to related materials through internet media such as chat rooms and forums is also considered to encourage this development. Wiccan's current beliefs are often found to be compatible with liberal ideals such as the Green movement, and especially with feminism by giving young women the means to empowerment and to control their own lives. This is especially true in North America because of the strong presence of feminist idealism. 2002 Enchanted Feminism Study: The Reclaiming Witches of San Francisco show that Wiccan religion represents a second wave of feminism that has also been redefined as a religious movement.
Stregheria
Stregheria is an Italian magic religion popularized in the 1980s by Raven Grimassi, who claims that it developed in the ancient Etruscan religion of Italian farmers working under the Catholic upper classes.
Modern Stregheria is similar to the controversial 19th century Lelandian story of the surviving Italian magic religion, worshiping Diana Diana, her brother Dianus/Lucifer, and their daughter, Aradia. The wizards of Leland do not see Lucifer as evil demons seen by Christians, but the god of the sun and the good moon).
The contemporary Stregheria ritual format is roughly similar to other Neopagan magic religions such as Wicca. Pentagram is the most common symbol of religious identity. Most followers celebrate a series of eight festivals that are equivalent to the Wiccan Wheel of the Year, though others follow the ancient Roman festival. Emphasis is placed on ancestor worship.
Traditional witchcraft
Traditional magicians are a term used to refer to various contemporary forms of magic. The Pagan study scholar Ethan Doyle White describes it as "a broad movement of parallel groups of religions that reject any association with Gardnerianism and the wider Wiccan movement, which claims more traditional, more traditional roots Though commonly unified by a common aesthetic rooted in Europe, folklore, Traditional Crafts contains a rich and diverse range of rich, diverse groups of occultists, from those who follow the contemporary Pagan pathways that are suspiciously similar to Wicca for those who follow Luciferianism. According to Traditional Witch Michael Howard, this term refers to "non-Wali, non-Alexandrian, non-Wiccan or pre-modern form of Craft, especially if it has been inspired by magic forms and folk magic". Another definition offered by Daniel A. Schulke, the current Master of Cultus Sabbati, when he proclaimed that traditional magic "refers to a group of initiation lines of magic rituals, spellcraft and devotional mysticism". Some of the traditional forms of magic are the Ferry Traditions, the Cochrane Crafts and the Sabbath craft.
Contemporary magic, Satanism and Luciferianism
Satanism is a broad term that refers to diverse beliefs that share a symbolic relationship with, or admiration, Satan, who is seen as a liberating figure. While the heirs of the same period of history and the pre-Enlighten beliefs that gave rise to modern magic, it is generally seen as completely separate from modern magic and Wicca, and has little or no connection to them.
Modern magic regards Satanism as the "dark side of Christianity" rather than the Wicca branch: - Satanic characters referenced in Satanism exist only in the third theology of Abrahamic religion, and Satanism emerges as, and occupies the role of, the rebel partner to Christianity, where all is permitted and self center. (Christianity can be characterized as having opposing views.) Such beliefs become more visible in Europe after the Enlightenment, when works like Milton Paradise Lost are described by romance suggesting that they are presenting the biblical Satan as an allegory representing the crisis of faith, individualism, free will, wisdom and enlightenment; some works from that time also began to directly present Satan in a less negative light, such as Letter from the Earth . The two main trends are theistic Satanism and atheistic Satanism; the former glorified Satan as the supernatural patriarchal god, while the latter viewed Satan as merely a symbolic embodiment of certain human traits.
Organized groups began to emerge in the mid-20th century, including Ophite Cultus Satanas (1948) and The Church of Satan (1966). After seeing the book of Margaret Murray the Wizarding God of Ophite Cultus Satanas leader, Herbert Arthur Sloane, says he realizes that the horned god is Satan (Sathanas). Sloane also deals with his contemporary Gerald Gardner, founder of the Wicca religion, and implies that his views on Satan and the horned gods need not conflict with Gardner's approach. However, he believes that, while "gnosis" refers to knowledge, and "Wicca" refers to wisdom, modern magicians have fallen from true knowledge, and instead began to worship the god of fertility, the reflection of the creator god. He writes that "the greatest wizarding body that exists is the true Satanist is Yezedee". Sloane strongly recommends the book Gnostic Religion , and parts of it are sometimes read at ceremonies. It is estimated that there are more than 100,000 Satanist followers worldwide in 2006, twice the number estimated in 1990. Demonic beliefs are largely allowed as valid expressions of religious belief in the West. For example, they were allowed in the Royal Navy in 2004, and appeals were considered in 2005 for religious status as a prisoner right by the United States Supreme Court. Contemporary satanism is primarily an American phenomenon, although it began to reach Eastern Europe in the 1990s around the time of the fall of the Soviet Union.
Luciferianism, on the other hand, is a belief system and disrespects the devil's figure or most of the characteristics usually attached to Satan. In contrast, Lucifer in this context is seen as one of many morning stars, the symbol of enlightenment, independence and human development. Madeline Montalban is a British magician who embraces a specific form of luciferianism that revolves around the Lucifer cult, or Lumiel, which he considers a virtuous angel being who has helped human development. In the Order, he emphasized that his followers found their own personal relationship with angelic beings, including Lumiel. Although initially seemed favorable to Gerald Gardner, in the mid-1960s he had been hostile to himself and his Gardnerian tradition, regarded him as "a 'dirty old man' and sexual obscenity." He also expressed enmity against other prominent Pagan Witches of the period, Charles Cardell, although in the 1960s befriended two Witches at the forefront of the Alexandrian Wiccan tradition, Alex Sanders and his wife, Maxine Sanders, who adopted some of his Luciferian. practice of angels. In contemporary times witches of luciferian exist in traditional magic.
Historical and religious perspectives
Near Eastern Belief
The belief in magic and its practice seems to have been widespread in the Ancient Near East and the Nile Valley. It played a prominent role in ancient Egyptian culture and in Babylon. The last tradition included the Akkadian anti-magic ritual, MaqlÃÆ'Â ». Part of the Code of Hammurabi (c. 2000 BC) governs:
If a man spends another man and is not justified, he on whom the spell is placed will go to the holy river; to the holy river will he plunge. If the holy river is over it and he is drowned, the person who puts up the spell will take over his house. If the holy river claims he is innocent and he remains unharmed, the person who puts the spell must be put to death. The person who falls into the river will have a house that has put a spell on him.
Ibrahim's religions
Hebrew Bible
Menurut New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia:
In Scripture references to magic are common, and the harsh condemnation of such practices found there does not seem to be based so much on fraudulent assumptions as in the abominations of magic itself.
King James version uses the words "witch", "magic", and "magic" to translate the Masoretic ??????? ? k? ( Hebrew pronunciation: Ã, [k? span dir = "rtl"> ????? ? ( qÃÆ'Â © sem ); This same English term is used to translate ????????? pharmakeia in the Greek New Testament. Verses such as Deuteronomy 18: 11-12 and Exodus 22:18 ("You do not suffer the witch to live") thus giving biblical justification to the Christian witch hunter in the early modern period (see Christian view of magic).
The exact meaning of Hebrew ??????? ?, usually translated as "wizard" or "wizard", uncertain. In the Septuagint, it is translated as pharmakeÃÆ'a or pharmakous . In the 16th century, Reginald Scot, a prominent critic of the witch trial, translated ??????? ?, ?????????, and Latin Vulgate equivalent veneficos because all mean "poisoners", and on this basis, claim that "witch" is wrong translation and poison intended. The theory still holds several currencies, but is not widely accepted, and in Daniel 2: 2 ??????? ? listed with other magical practitioners who can interpret dreams: wizards, astrologers, and Chaldean. Suggested suggestion of ??????? ? including "mutterer" (or from a single root) or potion user (as a compound word formed from the root kash , meaning "potion", and hapaleh , which means "use"). Greek people ????????? literally meaning "herbalist" or a person who uses or administers drugs, but it is used virtually synonymously with mageia and goeteia as a term for a shaman.
The Bible provides some evidence that these commandments against magic were imposed under the Hebrew kings:
And Saul disguised himself, and put on other clothes, and he went, and two men with him, and they came to her at night: and he said, I pray thee, divine unto me by a familiar spirit, and bring me up, who will give me your name? And the woman said to him: Behold, thou knowest what Saul hath done, how he has cut off those who have known spirits, and wizards, out of the ground: therefore put thee a snare for my life, to make me die ?
Notice that the Hebrew word ??? ? ob , translated as familiar spirit in the above quotation, has a different meaning from the usual English sense of the phrase; that is, it refers to a spirit familiar to the woman, not to a spirit that physically manifests itself in animal form.
New Testament
The New Testament condemns such practices as abominations, like the Old Testament (Galatians 5:20, compared with Revelation 21: 8, 22:15, and Acts 8: 9; 13: 6). The word in most New Testament translations is "witch"/"magic" and not "magic"/"magic".
Judaism
Jewish law views the practice of magic as loaded with idolatry and/or necromancy; both of which are serious theological and practical violations in Judaism. Although Maimonides vigorously rejected the efficacy of all magic methods, and claimed that the biblical prohibition of it was to wean the Israelites from practices related to idolatry. It is acknowledged that when magic exists, it is forbidden to practice it on the grounds that it usually involves the worship of other gods. Rabbis of the Talmud also condemned magic when producing something other than illusion, giving an example of two people who used magic to choose cucumbers (Sanhedrin 67a). The person who created the illusion of picking cucumber should not be censured, only the person who actually takes the cucumber through magic.
However, some rabbis practice their own "magic" or teach the subject. For example, Rabbah creates someone and sends him to Rav Zeira, and Hanina and Hoshaiah learn every Friday together and create a little calf to eat on Shabbat (Sanhedrin 67b). In these cases, "magic" is seen more as a divine miracle (ie, coming from God rather than an "unclean" force) than as a witch.
Judaism makes it clear that the Jews will not try to learn about the ways of the magicians (Deuteronomy 18: 9-10) and that the witches must be put to death (Exodus 22:17).
The most famous reference of Judaism to a medium is undoubtedly, the Witch of Endor consulted by Saul, as recounted in 1 Samuel 28.
Islam
Divination, and magic in Islam, includes a variety of practices, including black magic, warding off evil eyes, the production of amulets and other magical tools, generations, sweepstakes, and astrology. Muslims usually believe in magic ( sihr ) and explicitly prohibit its practice. Sihr is translated from Arabic as magic or black magic. The most famous reference to magic in Islam is the letter of al-Falaq Al-Qur'an, known as a prayer to God to ward off black magic.
Say: I seek refuge in the Lord of the Fajr From the mischief of created beings; From Darkness mischief when spreading; From the mischief of those who practice secret art; And from the jealousy of a jealous man when he practices envy. (Al-Qur'an 113: 1-5)
Juga menurut Al Qur'an:
And they follow what the devil blame for the kingdom of Solomon. Solomon did not believe; but the devils do not believe, teach man's magic and what is revealed to two angels in Babylon, Harut and Marut... And of course they know that he who trades there will have no part in the hereafter; and of course evil is the price they sell their souls, if they know. (Qur'an 2: 102)
Islam distinguishes between magic that can cure disease and possession, and magic. Therefore Magic is the special gift of God, while the second is achieved through the help of the jinn and the devil. Ibn al-Nadim holds fast, the evictors get their strength by their obedience to God, while magicians delight in demons with acts of disobedience and sacrifice and they respond with pleasure. Being virtuous and strictly following the teachings of the Koran can increase the likelihood of performing magic or miracles, distinguished from magic, the latter being performed in aid with the devil.
Some Muslim practitioners believe that they can seek the help of jinn in magic. It is a common belief that jinn can have humans, thus requiring exorcisms. However, the practice of seeking help for the Jin is prohibited and may cause ownership. To remove the jinns or demons from the body they possess, the "ruqya," derived from the Sunnah of the Prophet is used. Ruqya contains verses of the Qur'an and prayers that are specifically aimed at fighting the devil. Knowledge of which Qur'anic verses are used in what way is what is considered "magical knowledge."
A hadith recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari tells us that people who have eaten the seven Ajwa dates in the morning will not be affected by the magic of that day.
The students of religious history have attributed some magical practices in Islam to the pre-Islamic customs of Turkey and East Africa. The most prominent of these habits is Z? R.
By region
Africa
- "Djambe" moves here (see below: Cameroon); do not be confused with: Djembe
In the South African tradition, there are three classifications of people who use magic. The tagati is usually improperly translated into English as "wizard", and is a spiteful person who operates secretly to harm others. The sangoma is an astrologer, somewhere equivalent to a fortune teller, and employed in detecting illness, predicting a person's future (or advising them on which course to take), or identifying a wrongdoer in crime. He also practiced some medicine. The inyanga is often translated as "shaman" (although many South Africans hate this implication, because it perpetuates the false belief that a "dukun" in some sense a practitioner of evil magic ). The work of inyanga ' is to cure illness and injury and provide customers with magical items for everyday use. Of these three categories tagati almost exclusively female, sangoma is usually female, and sangyanga almost exclusively male.
Much of what represents witchcraft in Africa has been vulnerable to misunderstandings and confusion, thanks no small part to the tendency among western scholars since the time of Margaret is now largely discredited to approach the subject through the vis-a-vis lens of European magic. Okeja argues that the magic in Africa today plays a very different social role than in Europe in the past - or now - and should be understood through the lens of Western Africa rather than post-colonial.
The free speech about magic by the natives of the Congo: "From magic... can be developed drugs ( kimbuki ) that will do most to raise our country." "Magic... worthy of respect... can beautify or redeem ( ketula evo vuukisa )." "The ancestors are equipped with clan protective magic ( kindoki kiandundila kanda ).... They can also collect the power of the animals into their hands... whenever they need.... If we can take advantage of the types, this kind of magic, our country will quickly advance in the knowledge of all kinds. "" You wizard ( zindoki ) too, take your science into light to be written so... the benefits in it... bless our race. "
Cameroon
In eastern Cameroon, the term used for magic between Hence is djambe and refers to one's inner strength; its power can make owners more vulnerable. It includes occult, transformative, killing, and healing.
Afrika Tengah
In some areas of Central Africa, malicious magic users are believed by locals as a source of deadly diseases such as AIDS and cancer. In such cases, various methods are used to remove people from spirits, sometimes physical and psychological violence. Children can be accused of being witches, for example a young nephew may be blamed for the illness of a relative. Most of these harassment cases were not reported because the community members who witnessed the harassment were too afraid of being accused of being accomplices. It is also believed that magic can be passed on to children by feeding. Parents prevent their children from interacting with people who are believed to be magicians.
Every year, hundreds of people in Central African Republic are punished for witchcraft.
Christian militias in the Central African Republic have also kidnapped, burned and buryed women allegedly as 'witches' in public ceremonies.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
In 2006, between 25,000 and 50,000 children in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo, have been accused of witchcraft and banished from their homes. These children have been subjected to frequent violent persecution during exorcism, sometimes overseen by religious priests. Pastors and other Christian activists strongly opposed the allegations and sought to save children from their unscrupulous colleagues. The usual term for these children is enfants sorciers (witches) or enfants dits sorciers (children are accused of witchcraft). In 2002, USAID funded the production of two short films on the subject, made in Kinshasa by journalists Angela Nicoara and Mike Ormsby.
In April 2008, in Kinshasa, police arrested 14 suspected victims (torture penises) and shamans accused of using black magic or magic to steal (disappear) or shrink the man's penis to extort cash to be healed, amid a wave of panic.
According to one study, belief in wizarding war technology (such as "bulletproof") in the Democratic Republic of Eastern Congo serves as a group-level function, as it increases group efficiency in warfare, even if it is not optimal at the individual level.. The authors of the study argue that this is one of the reasons why confidence in magic continues.
Ghana
In Ghana, women are often accused of magicians and are attacked by neighbors. Therefore, there are six witch camps in a country where women suspected of being witches can escape for safety. Witches camps, only in Ghana, are estimated to hold about 1,000 women. Some camps are estimated to have been established more than 100 years ago. The government of Ghana has announced that they intend to close the camps.
The arrests were made in an attempt to avoid the bloodshed seen in Ghana a decade ago, when 12 captured criminals were beaten to death by the masses. While it is easy for modern people to ignore such reports, Uchenna Okeja argues that a belief system in which such magical practices are thought to be possible offers many benefits to the African people who hold them. For example, the belief that a dukun has "stolen" the function of a man's penis as an anxiety-reduction mechanism for impotent men while simultaneously providing consistent explanations with African cultural beliefs rather than attracting Western scientific ideas tainted by the history of colonialism (at least for many Africans).
Kenya
It was reported on May 21, 2008 that in Kenya, the mob had burned to death at least 11 people accused of witchcraft.
Malawi
In Malawi it is also a common practice to accuse children of witchcraft and many children have been abandoned, abused and even killed as a result. As in other African countries, traditional African healers and their Christian counterparts seek to earn a living from expelling children and actively engaged in showing children as magicians. Various secular and Christian organizations combine their efforts to address this issue.
According to William Kamkwamba, magicians and magicians are afraid of money, which they consider to be an opponent's crime. Any contact with cash will break their spells and let the witches naked and confused. So, putting cash, like kwacha around the room or bedding will protect the population from their evil spell.
Nigeria
In Nigeria, some Pentecostal pastors have mixed their evangelical Christianity with African belief in witchcraft to benefit from the tantalizing witch findings and exorcism business - which in the past was the exclusive domain of so-called traditional healers or healers. These pastors have been involved in the torture and even murder of children accused of being sorcerers. Over the last decade, some 15,000 children have been charged, and about 1,000 people have been killed. The churches are numerous in Nigeria, and the competition for the congregation is difficult. Some pastors seek to build a reputation for spiritual power by "detecting" the witch, usually after death or loss of work in the family, or financial fraud charges against a priest. In the course of "exorcism", children who are accused may be starved, beaten, mutilated, burned, forced to consume acid or cement, or buried alive. While some church leaders and Christian activists have spoken out against these violations, many Nigerian churches are involved in the persecution, even though the church administration denies knowledge of it.
Sierra Leone
Among Mende (Sierra Leone), courts and beliefs for magic have beneficial effects for those who are punished. "Witchfinder has warned the whole village to ensure the relative prosperity of the defendant and sentenced... parents... Six months later everyone... is accused, safe, full and arguably happier than in the [previous] time, they are almost not hinting and people will come with food or whatever is needed.... Instead of old people and widows who are left helpless or (as in Western societies) institutionalized in parent houses, this is integrated return to the community and be kept safe in their old age...... Parents are 'suitable' candidates for such allegations in the sense that they are isolated and vulnerable, and they are 'suitable' candidates for 'social security' for exactly the same reason. "
In Kuranko, the term for santet is suwa'ye which refers to "incredible power".
Tanzania
In Tanzania in 2008, President Kikwete publicly condemned the dukun for killing albino for the sake of their bodies, which was considered to bring good luck. 25 albino have been killed since March 2007. In Tanzania, albino is often killed for their body parts at the suggestion of shamans to produce strong amulets that are believed to protect against witchcraft and make owners prosperous in life.
America
Caribbean
Brua is an Afro-Caribbean religion and healing traditions originating from Aruba, Bonaire, and CuraÃÆ'§ao, in the Dutch Caribbean. A physician in this culture is called a kurioso or kuradÃÆ'³ , a man or woman who does
Colonial North America
In 1645, Springfield, Massachusetts, experienced the first American accusation of witchcraft when husband and wife Hugh and Mary Parsons accused each other of magic. At the trial of the first witch in America, Hugh was found not guilty, while Mary was released from witchcraft but was sentenced to hang over the death of her son. He died in prison. From 1645-1663, about eighty people throughout the Massachusetts Bay Colony in Britain were accused of practicing witchcraft. Thirteen women and two men were executed in a witch hunt that took place throughout New England from 1645-1663.
The Salem Witch's Court followed in 1692-93. This wizard's experiment is the most famous in England of North America and takes place in a coastal settlement near Salem, Massachusetts. Before the witch trial, nearly 300 men and women had been suspected of taking part in magic, and 19 of these men were hanged, and one was "pressed to death". The Salem Witch's Court was a series of hearings before a local magistrate followed by a district court to try those accused of witchcraft in Essex, Suffolk and Middlesex Counties of colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. More than 150 people were arrested and imprisoned , with even more accused being not officially pursued by the authorities. Both courts sentenced 29 people to crimes against the capital. Nineteen defendants, 14 women and 5 men, were hanged. A man who refused to file a plea was hit dead under heavy stones in an attempt to force him to do so. At least five more defendants died in prison.
Although commonly known as the "Salem" wizard's trial, the preliminary hearing in 1692 was conducted in various towns throughout the province: Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover, and Salem Town, Massachusetts. The best known trials were conducted by the Court of Oyer and Terminer in 1692 in Salem Town. All 26 who went to court before this court were punished. The four sessions of the High Court of Justice in 1693, held in Salem City, but also in Ipswich, Boston, and Charlestown, yielded only 3 convictions in 31 attempted magic. Likewise, the alleged witchcraft is not isolated to New England. In 1706 Grace Sherwood, "Pungo Witch" was imprisoned for crimes in Princess Anne County, Virginia.
The charge of witchcraft and magic led to the prosecution of a man in Tennessee recently in 1833. The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a dramatized and partially fictional tale of the Salem wizard court that took place in the Massachusetts Bay Colony during 1692-93.
In the culture of DinÃÆ'Â ©, magicians are seen as the opposite of the ceremonial people. While spiritual leaders do "sing" for healing, protection and other useful purposes, all practices called "magic" are meant to hurt and condemn. Magicians are associated with harm to society and violations of social standards, especially those relating to families and the dead.
The yee naaldlooshii is a kind of wizard known in English as "skin-walker". They are believed to take animal forms to travel in secret and endanger innocent people. In Navajo, yee naaldlooshii translates to "hence, he continues to crawl". Although the most common variations seen in horror fiction by non-Navajo people, yee naaldlooshii is one of several varieties Navajo witch, specifically the type 'ÃÆ'¡nti'? hnii .
Corpse powder or corpse poison Navajo ÃÆ'¡? T '?? , literally "magic" or "harmful") is a substance made from a corpse powder. This powder is used by magicians to curse their victims. Effects of ÃÆ'¡? T '?? is a curse and a disease, usually indicated by immediate action against toxicity, such as fainting, swelling of the tongue, or locked jaw. Sometimes, however, the victims just throw away, like from a normal disease.
The traditional Navajo are usually hesitant to discuss such things as witches and witchcraft with non-Navajos.
North America (Mexico)
Magic is also an important part of the social and cultural history of late Colonial Mexico, during the Mexican Inquisition. Spanish Inquisitors view magic as a curable problem only through recognition. However, as anthropologist Ruth Behar says, magic, not just in Mexico but in Latin America in general, is "the allegation of sexuality, magic, and religion, where Spanish, indigenous, and African cultures meet." Furthermore, magic in Mexico generally requires interethnic networks and witch interclasses. However, according to professor of anthropology Laura Lewis, magic in colonial Mexico eventually represents "affirmation of hegemony" for women, Indians and especially Indian women over their white male counterparts as a result of the caste system.
In modern history, fame has been given to a place called Catemaco, in the state of Veracruz, which has a history of magic, and where the practice of magic by brujos contemporary brujos and brujas < thrives.
In Mexico City, people practicing brujerÃÆ'a, SanterÃÆ'a, voodoo, ocultism and magic can find items, herbs and supplies at mercado de Sonora .
South America
In Chile there is a Kalku tradition in Mapuche mythology; and Witches of ChiloÃÆ' © in folklore and Chilote mythology.
The presence of witches is constant in the history of Brazilian colonial ethnography, especially during some of the denials and acknowledgments given to the Holy Office of Bahia (1591-1593), Pernambuco and Paraiba (1593-1595).
Asia
India
Supernatural beliefs are strong in all parts of India, and the hanging on for witchcraft is reported in the press from time to time. About 750 people died as wizards in Assam and West Bengal between 2003 and 2008. Officials in the state of Chhattisgarh reported in 2008 that at least 100 women were persecuted each year as wizard suspects. A local activist stated that only a small proportion of cases of abuse were reported. In Indian mythology, the general perception of a magician is a creature with his feet pointing back.
Nepal
Apart from other types of violence against women in Nepal, malpractice abusing women in the name of witchcraft is also very prominent. According to statistics in 2013, there are a total of 69 abuse cases reported to women because of allegations of magic in 2013. These malpractice practitioners are mostly neighbors, called witch doctors and family members. The main causes of malpractice are lack of education, awareness and superstition. According to statistics by INSEC, the age group of women victims of magic violence is 20-40.
Japanese
In Japanese folklore, the most common types of magicians can be separated into two categories: those who employ snakes as familiar, and those who employ foxes.
The fox witch is, by far, the most visible magician in Japan. Regional differences of beliefs make those who use foxes into two different types: kitsune-mochi , and tsukimono-suji . The first, kitsune-mochi , is a solitary figure who gets his fox familiar with bribing it with his favorite food. The kitsune-mochi then strikes a deal with foxes, usually promising food and daily groceries in exchange for magical fox services. The Japanese folklore is a powerful con artist in and of itself, imbued with the power of change in form, possession, and illusion. These creatures can be evil; disguised as women to trap men, or they can be a benign troop like in the story of "Thankful Fox". However, once a fox enters a human's work it is almost exclusively a force of evil to be feared. A fox under hiring a human can provide many services. Fox can change and discover the secret his master wants. It can apply many illusory powers to deceive and deceive its enemies. The most feared force of kitsune-mochi is the ability to command the fox to have another human being. This ownership process is called Kitsunetsuki.
So far, the most frequently reported cases of magic fox in modern Japan are imposed by the family of tsukimono-suji, or "witches of descent". The Tsukimono-suji is traditionally a family reported to have foxes under their work. This fox serves families and passed from generation to generation, usually through the women's path. Tsukimono-suji the fox is able to supply much of the same mystical relief so that a fox under the power of a kitsune-mochi can provide his solitary master. In addition to this power, if the fox remains happy and well maintained, they bring great luck and prosperity to the home of Tsukimono-suji. However, the assistance provided by this fox is often overshadowed by social and mystical implications as members of that family. In many villages, local family status as tsukimono-suji is common, everyday knowledge. Such families are respected and feared, but also openly shunned. Due to its derivative nature, the status of being Tsukimono-suji is considered infectious. Therefore, it is often impossible for family members to sell land or other property, for fear that ownership of such items will cause the fox to inundate their own homes. In addition to this, since foxes are believed to be descended through a female line, it is often almost impossible for a woman from that family to find a husband whose family would agree to have him marry a family tsukimono-suji. In such union the status of women as Tsukimono-suji will be transferred to anyone who marries her.
Philippines
Magic in the Philippines is often classified as evil, with black magic practitioners named Mangkukulam in Tagalog and Mambabarang in Cebuano; there are also fine white magic practitioners, in addition to some who practice both. Mambabarang is especially noted for their ability to order insects and other invertebrates to complete tasks, such as sending a curse to a target.
The magic and magic in the Philippines varies widely in various ethnic groups, and is generally a modern manifestation of pre-colonial spirituality intertwined with elements of Catholicism such as the prayers of saints and the use of pseudo-Latin prayers ( oraciÃÆ'³n ) in mantras, and earrings (amulets).
Traditional herbal medicine practitioners and predictions called albularyo are not considered witches. They are regarded as doctors of quack or a quasi-magical choice when western medicine fails to identify or cure diseases supposedly derived from supernatural, often evil, origin. Feng shui, the Chinese cultural influence of the Philippines, is also not classified as magic because it is regarded as a separate confidence territory altogether.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia continues to use the death penalty for witchcraft and witchcraft. In 2006, Fawza Falih Muhammad Ali was sentenced to death for practicing witchcraft. There is no magical legal definition in Arabia, but in 2007 an Egyptian pharmacist who worked there was accused, convicted, and executed. The Saudi authorities also announced the death penalty on Lebanese television presenter Ali Hussain Sibat as he made the pilgrimage (pilgrim) of Islam in the country.
In 2009 the Saudi authorities established their Anti-Wizard Unit for the Promotion of Virtue and Police Prevention.
In April 2009, a Saudi woman Amina Bint Abdulhalim Nassar was arrested and later sentenced to death for practicing magic and witchcraft. In December 2011, he was beheaded. A Saudi man has been beheaded on charges of magic and witchcraft in June 2012. A beheading for magic occurred in 2014.
Syria and Iraq
In June 2015, Yahoo reported: "The Islamic State Group has beheaded two women in Syria for alleged" magic, "the first execution of female civilians in Syria, the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, Tuesday. ISIS cut off a man in Iraq by magic.
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An expedition sent to the Xinjiang area now in western China by the PBS documentary series Nova found a fully clothed female Tocharian mum dressed in a black conical hat of a kind now associated with witches in Ero
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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