Fallen angel

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The Fallen Angel is an angel expelled from Heaven. In the Abrahamic religions, they are former agents of God and humanity's enemies. The term "fallen angels" does not appear in the Bible or in the Islamic scriptures but is used for angels who were expelled from heaven or sinful angels, as mentioned in 2 Peter 2: 4: "For if God did not save angels when they sinned, they are in hell and deliver them to the dark chains of darkness to be kept until judgment ". It is also used to describe the angels thrown to Earth during the War in Heaven, as well as certain Devils, Devils, and Watchers. Similar ideas can be found in Nahj al-Balagha, a collection of sermons, letters, and Islamic history associated with Ali: "God, the Holy One, will not allow humans to go to heaven if he does the same for God to change the angels from it". Al-Tha'alibi is linked in Qisas Al-Anbiya a tradition, where Satan is held to be chained in the lowest hell among the rebel angels.

Name the physically descending angel (and figuratively "fall") to Mount Hermon found in the Book of Enoch, the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church of Eritrea Tewahedo accepting as the biblical canon; as well as various pseudepigrapha.

Video Fallen angel

Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha

Observer

The reference to heavenly beings called "Watchers" comes from Daniel 4, where there are three mentions, twice in singular form (v 13, 23), once in plural (v. 17), from "observers, saints ". The Ancient Greek word for the observer is ????????? ( egr? Goroi , plural of egr? goros ), literally translated as "wake up". Notice that, beginning in 150, the Greek letter eta (?) Is iotacized to sound the same as iota (?); and the Ancient Slavon alphabet, both Cyrillic and Glagolitic, make no phonetic distinction between the letters they derive from the Greek language? and? The Greek term is transcribed in the Jewish pseudepigraphon, The Second Book of Enoch ( Slavonic Enoch ) as Grigori , referring to a creature similar to the so-called Watchers of the (First) Book of Enoch.

First Enoch

The concept of fallen angels is largely found in the Book of Enoch, verses 6-9; Qumran Book of Giants ; and perhaps in Genesis 6: 1-4. These Observers became "captivated" with human women (1 En. 7.2), and had sexual intercourse with them. The offspring of these unions, and the knowledge given to them, the corrupted man and the earth (1 Enoch 10.11-12). A number of apocryphal works, including 1 Enoch (10.4), attribute this offense to Great Deluge . This fact was adopted by early Christianity, but abandoned by Rabbinic Judaism and later Christianity. During the period immediately prior to the advent of Christianity, the relationship between Watchers and human women is often seen as the first fall of the angels.

Second Enoch

The concept of fallen angels is also found in the Second Book of Enoch, which is the sequel to First Book of Enoch.

2 Enoch 29: 3 "Here Satanail is cast from altitude with his angels" - the possibility of Christian insertion according to Charlesworth's Old Testament pseudepigrapha

The text refers to "Grigori, who with their prince, Setanail, refused the Lord of light". Grigori is identified with Observer 1 Enoch. Grigori who "descended to earth from the throne of the Lord", married women and "injured the earth with their deeds", produced a cage under the earth (2 Enoch 18: 1-7) In a longer repetition of 2 Enoch, chapter 29 refers to the angel who are "cast out of altitude" when their leader tries to be equal to God's power (2 Enoch 29: 1-4).

Most sources quoted 2 Enoch who declared that those who descended to earth numbered three, but Andrei A. Orlov, quoting 2 Henoch who said that three came down to earth, commented in a footnote that some manuscripts laid at 200 or even 200 miriads. In Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Apocalyptic Literature and Testaments edited by James H. Charlesworth, manuscript J - taken as the best representative of longer repetitions - has "and three of them i > down "(p.Ã, 130); while the A script - taken as the best representative of the shorter repetition - has "and them downgraded", which may indicate that all Grigori are demoted, or 200 princes of them, or 200 princes and 200 followers, because following the phrase that "[t] this is Grigori, 200 princes of whom diverge, 200 walk on their carriage" (page 131).

Chapter 29, referring to the second day of creation (before the creation of man), says that "one of the composition of angels" or, according to another version of 2 Enoch, "one of the angel's commandments" or "one of angel angels" it is impossible, to place his throne higher than the clouds above the earth, that he may become the equivalent of the power of [God], and [God] throw him out of high with his angels, and he flies in the air continuously above the abyss. " this, the name "Satanail" is mentioned only in titles added in one manuscript, GIM khlyudov manuscript, which is representative of longer repetitions and is used in English translation by RH. Charles.

Maps Fallen angel

Judaism

The concept of a sinful angel against God and expelled from Heaven mainly flourished in Judaism during the Second Temple period. This is primarily found in Jewish pseudepigrapha, such as the Book of Enoch, and the Book of Jubilees. Although modern Judaism generally rejects the writings of Enoch, the Jewish tradition regards Samael as a seductress, who is responsible for some subordinate accusing angels. Yet these angels are considered still subordinate to God's plan and act as evil tendencies.

Children of God

In the period that preceded the composition of the New Testament, several sects of Judaism identify the "sons of God" (span dir = "rtl"> ??????? ?) From Genesis 6: 1-4 as fallen angels. Some scholars assume that the Jewish tradition of fallen angels predates, even in written form, the composition of Gen 6: 1-4. Lester L. Grabbe calls the story of sexual relations between angels and women "old myths in Judaism". It was until the middle of the second evidence that some early Christians including Irenaeus, Justin Martyr, Clement of Alexandria and Lactansi accepted this Jewish Jewish pseudepigraphy and applying the myth of angelic descent to the "sons of God" in Genesis 6: 1-4.. Its presence is not only in the East but also in the Latin-speaking West region evidenced by the polemic of Augustine Hippo (354-430) against the gigantic motif born of a union between fallen angels and human women. Rabbinic Judaism and Christian authority reject the tradition. Those who adopt tradition view the "children of God" as fallen angels who marry human women and implore the Nephilim through unnatural unions.

Tanakh

The Hebrew Bible symbolizes Satan as a character only in three places, always inferior to the power of God: it describes him as the accuser (Zechariah 3: 1-2), the tempter (1 Chronicles 21: 1), and the heavenly persecutor (Job 2: 1). It uses the Hebrew word, which means "enemy", elsewhere to talk about human opponents or evil influences and not explicitly say that Satan is an angel or that he falls. However, the Oxford Dictionary of the Judaism states that Satan appears in the Jewish pseudepigrapha - especially the apocalypse - as "the master of the devil host, affecting events throughout the world, cast out of heaven as fallen angels," and assuming the idea of ​​Satan as an angel who falls into a misinterpretation of Isaiah 14:12. Some also say that Lucifer was one of the angelic angels before he fell from Heaven. He thinks God's command to "love man more than God himself" is ridiculous, which makes him hate humanity and cause his downfall.

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Christianity

In Christianity, Satan is often seen as the leader of fallen angels. The New Testament mentions Satan 36 times in 33 verses, and the Book of Revelation tells of "the ancient serpent, which is called the devil and Satan, the conquerors from all over the world", who were thrown to Earth with his angels. Furthermore Revelation speaks of Satan as a great red dragon whose "tails sweep a third part of the stars in the sky and threw them to the ground". In verses 7-9, Satan was defeated in the War of Heaven against Michael and his angels: "The great dragon is cast down, the ancient serpent, which is called the devil and Satan, the deceiver from all over the world - he is thrown to the earth, and his angels thrown with him ". In Luke 10:18, Jesus says: "I see Satan fall like lightning from heaven." While the New Testament thus mentions the devil falling from Heaven, it never says that he is an angel, only that he disguises as one in 2 Corinthians 11:14. The concept of fallen angels is no stranger to the New Testament, though; Both 2 Peter 2: 4 and Judas 1: 6 refer to angels who sin against God and await punishment on Judgment Day. The Bible records several different times when the angel fell to earth. Some have fallen. Gen. 6: 2 Revelation 12: 4 and others fall into the future Revelation 6:13 Early Christians also integrate the non-biblical details of the writings of Enoch, circulating both in oral and written transmissions. Irenaeus refers to the fallen angel as apostate, who will be punished by eternal fire. Tertullian and Origen direct fallen angels as well as astrologers.

Falling Lucifer

The fall of Lucifer finds the earliest identification with the fallen angel in Origen, based on the interpretation of Isaiah 14: 1-17, which describes a Babylonian king as a fallen "fallen star" (in Hebrew, ? ?). This description is typologically interpreted as an angel in addition to its application literally to a human king: the image of a fallen star or fallen angel is thus applied to Satan in both the Jewish pseudepigrapha and by the early Christian writer, after the transfer of Lucifer to Satan in the pre-Christian age.

Origen and other Christian writers connect the morning fall star of Isaiah 14:12 with Jesus' statement in Luke 10:18 that "I see Satan falling like lightning from heaven" and the mention of the fall of Satan in Revelation 12: 8-9. In Latin Christianity, the Latin word "lucifer " used in the 4th century AD Vulgate to translate ????, raises the name "Lucifer" to the person believed to be called in the text. Orthodox Judaism does not believe that Lucifer's name is a reference to Satan, but the text in chapter four shows that it was a literal taunt against the King of Babylon.

Christian Interpretation of Ezekiel 28

Indeed, the Christian tradition has been applied to Satan not only the image of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12, but also denouncing in Ezekiel 28: 11-19 from the king of Tire, which is spoken of as being "cherub". Rabbinic literature sees these two passages as in some cases parallel, even if it may not associate them with Satan, and the episode of Satan's fall comes not only in the writings of the early Church Fathers and in apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works, but also in sources rabinik. However, "no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 as providing information about Satan's fall".

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Islam

Like Judaism and Christianity, Islam recognizes the fallen concept of angels. Yet the Islamic view of the fallen angelic revolt is distinct from Jewish and Christian views, where fallen angels are not trying to usurp the throne of God, a concept foreign to Islam. Instead they show disobedience by disparaging the part of God's creation.

In Quran

Three entities are mentioned in the Qur'an, which are sometimes identified as fallen angels: Devils, Harut and Marut. The story of their fall is found in the history of Islam, but not in the Qur'an. Alternatively, the Devil is likely to be regarded as Jinni, another entity separated from the angels, backed by facts, he was created from the fire. Those who distinguish between Satan as a fiery angel and jinn, distinguish the jinn made of fire without smoke , and the fire possessed by these angels consists of (according to Ibn Abbas from the fire of samum ). Those who reject the origin of the Harut and Marut angels prefer to view them as kings (malikayn) than angels (malak).

Harut dan Marut

The Qur'anic Tabjuis links the story with Ibn Masud and Ibn Abbas about Harut and Marut complaining about the mischief of mankind and making demands to destroy them. Consequently, God offers a test to determine whether angels will perform better than humans for a long time, then they are blessed with a human desire and Satan will have authority over them. But on Earth, they are comforted and act on sexual desire and guilty of idolatry, where they even kill an innocent witness. Because of their deeds, they are not allowed to ascend to Heaven anymore.

Devils and Satan

Another extra-quranic narrative states that Satan was once sent by God to combat pre-adamite races, which shed blood and cause corruption on earth. After Satan defeated them, he returned to heaven. Then God created man, Satan and some angels arguing, why God had to create man, who would shed blood and confusion like them, which they had just defeated before, while the angels prostrated before God and sang His glory day and night, not never fail God's command. Since the Devil insists on being superior to other creatures, even compared to other angels, his status diminishes and he turns from heaven, endowed with the task of leading the creature towards evil and wrongful action. The beings from heaven, who follow Satan, become a devil, not to be confused with Jin (another creature who, unlike the devil, can be accessed by the good).

Narrative further

Further references for fallen angels can be found on some Shia accounts. In a narration of Ja'far al-Sadiq, Idris met an angel, who was rebuked by God's wrath, and his wings and hair were cut off; after Idris prayed for him to God, his wings and hair were restored. In return they became friends and asked the angels to take Idris to Heaven to meet the angel of death.

In the Umm al-Kitab, an 8th century work of the Ghulat sect, the universe came into existence because Azazil claimed himself as God, but since there was only one god, Azazil fell into the underworld until he ended up on earth.

Controversy about fallen angels

Some Islamic scholars deny the possibility of committing the sins of the Angels, obeying that the angels always obey God's commandments and can not deviate from His commandments. One of the first advocates of this angelic perspective is Hasan of Basra, who not only emphasized verses that spoke for the absolute obedience of angels, but also verses reinterpreted against this view. Thus he describes Satan as the jinni and Harut and Marut as ordinary people. The proponents of the infallibility of angels often refer to verses like 66: 6 "O ye who believe! Protect thyself and thy family from the Fire whose fuel is men and stones, over which are angels, harsh and heavy; obey God in what He commands them but do as commanded. ", which explicitly refers to certain Zabaniyya. Another verse that speaks of the distrust of angels is 16:49 is: "To Allah bow down whatever is in the heavens and whatever is on earth, including animals and angels, and they are not arrogant". But according to the fallen angel supporters, these verses can not prove incompatibility for all Angels at any time and in any situation.

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Non-Abrahamitic Religion

Pre-Islamic Arabs believe that fallen angels can descend to earth in human form. They can interact with humans and even have sexual relations with them. According to pre-Islamic legend, Jurhum, the founder of the tribe by its name, is the son of the union between fallen angels and a human woman.

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Religious view

Judaism

The concept of fallen angels comes primarily from Judaism from Jewish texts written during the Second Temple Period, which is applied especially to Satan and his followers. Since the Middle Ages certain Jewish scholars have rejected belief in fallen angels; However, the fallen concept of angels persists in Judaism.

Christianity

Christianity adopted the fallen angelic concept of Judaism, especially based on their interpretation of the 12th chapter of the Book of Revelation, which clearly states that Satan and his factions are at war with Michael and his team, and Matthew 25:41, which states that eternal fire is prepared for Satan and his followers.

Catholicism

In Catholicism, the Catechism of the Catholic Church speaks of the "fall of the angels" not spatially but as a radical and irrevocable rejection of God and his government by some angels who, although created as good creatures, are free to choose evil, they are unforgivable because an irrevocable character of their choice, not because of a flaw in the infinite divine grace.

Universalism

In nineteenth-century Universalism, Universalists such as Thomas Allin (1891) claim that Clement of Alexandria, Origen, and Gregory of Nyssa teach that even devils and fallen angels will eventually be saved.

Unitarianism

In Unitarianism, Joseph Priestley suggested that the verses refer to Korah. William Graham (1772) suggested that they refer to the spies in Canaan. These passages are generally held today to be commentary, positive, neutral, or negative, on the Jewish tradition of Enoch circulating in the Early Church.

Islam

Source of the article : Wikipedia