The Mexican Mexicans are Mexican citizens of complete or dominant European descent. While the Mexican government does an ethnic census in which a Mexican has the option of identifying it as "White" the results obtained from this census are not published. What is published by the Mexican government, is the percentage of "light-skinned Mexicans" in the country, with 47% in 2010 and 49% by 2017. Therefore not as a direct racial, the "light-skinned Mexico" label has been favored by governments and media outlet "White Mexico" as an option to refer to a segment of Mexico's population that has European physical characteristics when discussing the different ethno-racial dynamics in Mexican society. But sometimes, "White Mexico" is used.
Estimates of the Mexican white population differ greatly in terms, methodologies and percentages given, extra official sources such as the World fact book and the Encyclopedia Brittanica, which used the results of the 1921 census as the basis of their estimates calculated the Mexican Whites population only 9% or between a tenth up to one fifth (the results of the 1921 census, however, have been opposed by various historians and are considered inaccurate). Surveys that take into account the nature of the phenotype and have done actual fieldwork show a somewhat higher percentage: using the presence of blond hair as a reference to classify Mexicans as whites, the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculates the percentage of these ethnic groups by 23%. With a similar methodology, the American Sociological Association gained an 18.8% percentage. Another study conducted by University College London in collaboration with the National Institute of Anthropology and National History of Mexico found that the frequency of blond hair and bright eyes in Mexico was 18% and 28% respectively, a survey used as a reference skin color as made by the Council National Mexico to Prevent Discrimination and the National Statistical Institute of Mexico and Geography reported a percentage of 47% and 49% respectively.
Europeans began to arrive in Mexico during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire; and while during the colonial period most of Europe's immigration was Spain, in the 19th and 20th centuries, European and European populations derived from North and South America immigrated to the country. According to 20th and 21st century scholars, the large scale mixed between European immigrants and indigenous indigenes will result in the Mestizo group that will become the overwhelming majority of Mexicans during the Mexican Revolution. However, according to churches and colon census registers, the majority (73%) of Spanish men married Spanish women. The register also questions other narrations held by contemporary academics, such as European immigrants arriving in Mexico being almost exclusively male or that "native Spanish" people are part of a strong little elite, because the Spaniards often become ethnic groups the most. in the colonial cities and there are rough and poor workers who come from Spain complete.
Another ethnic group in Mexico, Mestizo, is characterized by having people of varying degrees of European descent, with some showing European genetic ancestors higher than 90%. However, the criteria for defining what constitutes Mestizo vary from study to study as in Mexico a large number of whites have historically been classified as Mestizos because after the Mexican revolution the Mexican government began to define ethnicity on cultural standards (especially spoken languages) rather than racial ones.
Video Mexicans of European descent
Distribution and forecast
Contrary to popular belief, the Mexican government does indeed do ethnic censuses in which a Mexican has the option of identifying it as "White", the outcome, however, remains unpublished. The Mexican government, on the other hand, does not publish results about the frequency of different phenotypic properties in Mexicans such as color, and in discourses and investigations of problems such as racism have chosen to split the Mexicans on "light-skinned Mexicans" and "dark-skinned Mexicans" "White Mexican" and "Mestizo Mexicans". Other studies use the presence of light hair color (especially blond) to calculate the Mexican white population.
The northern and western regions of Mexico have the highest percentage of the white population, with the majority of people not having a mixture of native or predominantly European ancestors, resembling in that aspect of the northern Spaniards. In the north and west of Mexico, indigenous tribes are substantially smaller than those found in central and southern Mexico, and are also less organized, so they remain isolated from the rest of the population or even in some hostile cases against Mexican colonies. The northeastern region, where the native population was omitted by early European settlers, became the region with the highest white proportions during the Spanish colonial period. However, new immigrants from southern Mexico have changed, to some extent, their demographic tendencies.
In 2010, the CONAPRED (National Council of Mexico for Discrimination Prevention) conducted the ENADIS 2010 (National Survey on Discrimination) with the aim of addressing the problem of racism that Mexicans, especially indigenous or African descendants suffer in the hands of the people who favor the Mexicans. a bright, European-looking Mexican. In a press release of the report, CONAPRED stated that 47% of Mexicans (54% women and 40% of men) were identified with the brightest skin color used in the census questionnaire. The Council makes the notion that the reported high gap between men and women is due to "the often racist publicity in the media and racial prejudice in Mexican society that avoids dark skin that supports light skin, making women think that white is beautiful," the report also stated that men do not suffer from this problem and thus have no problem recognizing their true skin color. However, the next question in the same survey contradicts the assumption, as it asks Mexicans to evaluate, from 0 to 10 how comfortable they are with their skin color, with an average yield of 9.4 out of ten. Furthermore, scientific research proves that human women tend to have lighter skin than their male counterparts exist.
In addition to skin color visual identification, the same survey included questions that asked Mexicans "what would they call their skin color?" while a press report by CONAPRED states that six out of ten people consider themselves to be "moreno" (brunette in English) and only one in ten people think their skin is "blanco" (white), the actual questionnaire is included as another option. words often used to refer to white people in Mexico such as "GÃÆ'¼ero" (informal for white), "Claro" (obviously), "Aperlado" (Pearly) and other words that may or may not refer to a dependent white person in cases, such as "Quemadito" (Burnt), "Bronceado" (Chocolate), "ApiÃÆ' onado" (Spiced), "Amarillo" (Yellow) and "Canela" (Cinnamon). Further complicating the situation, some words used specifically for brown skin also appear as options such as "CafÃÆ'Â ©" (Brown), "Negro" (Black), "Chocolate" (unnecessary translation), "Oscuro" (Dark) , "Prieto" (Very dark) and "TrigueÃÆ' Â ± o" (another word for chocolate). The word "moreno" itself has a very broad definition in Mexico and has no specific racial connotation, which is used equally to define bright-skinned people with dark hair to define people of African descent.
In 2017, the Institute of Statistics and Geography of Mexico publishes the International Intergenerational Mobility Module (MMSI), consisting of a series of national surveys focusing on education, generational economic mobility and ethnicity, particularly well known for giving Mexicans the possibility to identify themselves with race. (The available options are "Native", "Mestizo", "White" and "Other"). While the results of questions directly related to the race are published, the percentage of Mexicans identified with each race is not. Also included in the survey is the color palette (the same as used in PERLA project: consists of 11 different tones with "A" being the darkest and "K" being the lightest) so one can choose what color the face is. The percentage of Mexicans identified with each color of the skin is not included in the main MMSI document but unlike the racial portrayal was published through other official publications. In contrast to the survey published by CONAPRED in 2010, the results of this study received enormous media coverage, with media leading to Mexico's mainstream ideas of thought such as systemic racism, white privilege and colonialism. as the study concluded that Mexicans with moderate tones ("F") and darker skins have lower profile profiles than Mexicans with lighter skin tones. It was also stated that Mexicans with lighter skin colors (brighter than "F") had higher levels of academic achievement. The study also showed that of the four racial categories used in this study, that the indigenous population of Mexico is one that shows the highest percentage of positive social mobility (which means that a person is better than his or her parents) while White Mexican People are the people- people with the lowest positive social mobility. The part of the study said, in addition to people who do not advocate race, barely received media coverage.
Independent field studies have been conducted in an attempt to calculate the number of European Mexicans living in modern Mexico, using blond hair as a reference to classify Mexico as whites, the Metropolitan Autonomous University of Mexico calculates their percentage at 23%, the study explicitly states that People redheads are not classified as whites but as "others." A study conducted by University College London covering several Latin American countries and created with anthropological collaborations and genetic institutions of each country reported that the frequency of blond hair and bright eyes in Mexico was 18.5% and 28.5% respectively , making Mexico the second highest blonde hair state in the study. Nevertheless, the European forefathers predicted for Mexicans is also the second lowest of all countries including, the reasoning behind the difference may lie in the fact that the samples used in Mexican cases are highly disproportionate, as the northern and western regions of Mexico contain 45% of the Mexican population , but not more than 10% of the samples used in this study were from the state located in the region. For the most part, the rest of the samples are from Mexico City and the southern Mexican states.
In 2010 a study published by the American Sociological Association explored social inequality between Mexicans with different skin colors. The fieldwork consisted of three waves of interviews in different Mexican countries over a period of one year, the people surveyed in which were divided into 3 different groups: "White," "Young Chocolate" and "Dark Chocolate," with a classification down to the criteria of the claimed interviewer, trained for the task. It is stated that, in order to obtain stable results and to prevent inconsistencies regarding who belongs to certain categories, additional phenotype features in addition to respondent's skin color are considered, such as the presence of blond hair in individual cases being classified in the "White" category, since "unlike color skin, hair color is not dark with sun exposure. " It is claimed in the study that of the three color categories used, the percentage earned for "White" one through three wave interviews is the most consistent. According to the results of the study, the average percentage of Mexicans who are classified as "White" per blond hair presence is 18.8%, with Northeast and Northwest areas having the highest frequencies of 23.9% and 22.3%, respectively by the Central region with 21.3%, the Central-Western region with 18.4% and finally the South with 11.9%. This study makes statements that the city of Mexico (central region) as well as the rural areas of the states of Oaxaca, Chiapas (both from the south) and Jalisco (Central-West region) are spent.
A study conducted at a Mexico City hospital reported that an average of 51.8 percent of Mexican newborns show a birthmark of congenital skin known as Mongolian whereas it is absent in 48.2 percent of infants analyzed. Mongolian places emerge with a very high frequency (85-95%) in Asia, Native American children and Africans. Skin lesions are reported to almost always appear in South American and Mexican children who rationally Mestizos while having very low frequency (5-10%) in Caucasian children. According to the Mexican Social Security Agency (abbreviated as IMSS) nationally, about half of Mexican babies have Mongolian spots.
According to the US Census 2010, 52.8% of Mexican Americans are identified as whites.
Maps Mexicans of European descent
Genetic research
Genetic research in Mexican populations is overwhelming and has resulted in many different outcomes, not infrequently different genetic studies conducted in the same location vary widely, a clear example of these variations is the city of Monterrey in the state of Nuevo LeÃÆ'³n, which, depending on research This presents the average European forebears ranging from 38% to 78%, and Mexico City, whose mixed range in Europe ranges from 21% to 70%, the reasons behind these variations may include the socioeconomic background of the samples analyzed. as well as criteria for recruiting volunteers: some studies only analyze Mexicans who identify themselves as Mestizos, others may classify all Mexicans as "mestizo", other research can do both, such as the 2009 genetic studies published by INMEGEN (Mexico National Genomics Treatment Institute ), which states that 93% of the population of Mexico is Mestizo with the remaining inhabitants is Amerindian, this particular statement has received d sufficient media exposure over the years to anxious scientists from the institute, who complained about a study misinterpreted by the press for not intended to represent the Mexican population as a whole. According to the research methodology, this agency only recruits people who explicitly identify themselves as Mestizos. Finally there is research that avoids the use of any racial classification, including any who identify themselves as Mexicans; these studies are the ones that usually report the highest European mixing for a particular location.
The Mestizaje ideology, which has obscured the racial line at the institutional level also has a significant influence in genetic studies conducted in Mexico: As a criterion used in research to determine whether a Mexican is a Mestizo or indigenous often lies in cultural traits such as the language used as a substitute for racial self-identification or phenotype-based selection there are studies in which populations perceived as Native per virtue of spoken language show higher rates of European genetic mixes than a population considered Mestizo's report. in another study. The reverse is also true, as there are instances where populations considered as Mestizo exhibit genetic frequencies very similar to those of continental Europe in the case of Mestizos from the state of Durango or to Europe originated in the case of Mestizos of the state of Jalisco.
Regardless of the criteria used, all studies of autosomal DNA coincide with the presence of significant genetic variation depending on the area analyzed, with southern Mexico having general Amerindian and African genetic contributions small but higher than average, the central region of Mexico shows a balance between the components Amerindian and Europe, which gradually increased as the journey to the north and west, where the ancestors of Europe became the majority of genetic contributions to cities located on the Mexican-American border, where research showed a significant and mixed Amerindian revival Africa.
To date, no genetic research focusing on Mexicans from the complete or dominant European ancestor has been made.
The 2014 publication summarizes the population genetic research in Mexico, including three national surveys and several region-specific surveys, found that in studies conducted to date only counted studies that saw the ancestors of both parents (autosomal ancestors): "Amerindian ancestors are the most common ( 51% to 56%) in three general estimates, followed by European ancestors (40% to 45%), African share represents only 2% to 5%. In Mexico City, the European contribution is estimated at 21% to 32% in six of seven reports, with an anomalous value of 57% obtained in one sample of 19 subjects. Europe's footprint is the most common in the north (Chihuahua, 50%, Sonora, 62%; Nuevo LeÃÆ'³n, 55%), but in recent samples this is from Nuevo LeÃÆ'³n and elsewhere in the country, the Amerindian ancestors are dominant. "
A 2006 national autosomal study, first conducted by the Mexican Genomic Treatment Institute (INMEGEN), which includes the countries of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Veracruz, Yucatan, Zacatecas and Sonora reported that the self-identified Mestizo Mexican was 58.96% Europe , 35.05% "Asia" (mainly Amerindian), and 5.03% Others.
An autosomal ancestral study conducted in Mexican cities reported that the ancestors of Mexicans in Europe were 52% with the rest being Amerindian and a small African contribution, as well as maternal ancestors analyzed, with 47% coming from Europe. The only criterion for sample selection is that volunteers identify themselves as Mexicans.
Establishment of Europeans in Mexico
The presence of the Europeans in what is now known as Mexico came from the conquest of the Aztec Kingdom in Spain at the beginning of the 16th century by HernÃÆ'¡n CortÃÆ' © s, his army and a number of native city states that were tributaries and rivals of the Aztecs, such as Totonac, Tlaxcaltecas and Texcocans among others. There is a story about Moctezuma that took CortÃÆ' © s to be the return of the God of Quetzalcoatl because of its bright skin and bright hair and eyes, never seen before by the Mesoamerican people. However, this has been disputed. After years of coalition wars led by Cortà © finally succeeded in conquering the Aztec Empire which would result in the foundation of Viceroyalty of New Spain and while the new state grants a series of privileges to members of the native tribes of allies such as nobility and plot of land, Spain holds the strength politics and economics. A small number of Spaniards who inhabit the new kingdom will soon be equipped with a steady stream of migration from the Spaniards, since it is in the interest of the Spanish crown to Hispanic and Christianity that the territory is given that their indigenous peoples and customs are considered uncivilized, Spanish culture was enacted and natives were suppressed.
The experience of Mexico reflects many things in other Latin America, because racial attitudes, including identification, are set by the conquistadors and Spanish who come shortly thereafter. During the colonial period, Spain and their descendants, the so-called "criollos" were still outnumbered by natives and "mestizos" or mixed Spanish and indigenous parents (although someone from 7/8 Spanish descent and 1/8 or less native ancestors could be considered " criollo "). To maintain power, Spain instituted a hierarchical class system in New Spanish society, with those born in Spain (known as Peninsulares) being the most special, followed by criollos, then Mestizos, then natives and finally Africans. Nevertheless the system is not entirely rigid and elements such as social class, social relationships and whoever descends from that number. However, the idea of ​​"Spanishness" will remain on top and "Indianness" will be under, with those mixed to be somewhere in the middle. This idea remained officially valid for the rest of the colonial period.
Criollo's disappointment of the privileges granted to Peninsulares was the main reason behind the Mexican War of Independence. When the war ended in 1821, the new Mexican government expelled the cement population (about 10,000 - 20,000 people) in the 1820s and 1830s at a certain level, making the ethnic Europeans grow as a percentage; This expulsion, however, does not lead to a permanent ban on European immigrants, even from Spain. Independence did not remove racial and economic privileges based on race when Criollos took over the birth of Spain. The division between "Spain" and "native" remains with Criollos who distinguishes itself from other societies as guardians of Spanish culture as well as Catholicism. Because the abolition of the division caste system, however, becomes more about money and social class and less about the biological differences that expand the likelihood of social mobility for Mestizo and the Mexican Natives. For this reason, much of the political and cultural struggles of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries will occur between Criollos and Mestizos.
According to Mexico's first race census published in 1793, the Eurodescendant population was between 18% -22% of the population (with Mestizos to 21% -25% and Amerindians being 51% -61%) but in 1921, when the second national census considered a person's race occurs, only 9% of the self population is identified as European descent, with 59% being Mestizo and 29% becoming Amerindian. While for a long time the results of the 1921 census were taken as facts, with international publications such as The World Factbook and EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica using them as a reference to estimate the composition of Mexican races to this day. Recently, Mexican academics have criticized them, claiming that such drastic changes to demographic tendencies are impossible and to quote, among other statistics, the relatively low frequency of marriages among people of different continental ancestors. The authors claim that Mexican society experiences a more state-sponsored "state-sponsored mestizaje biological process" that results in the percentage inflation of Mexican Mestizo groups at the expense of other racial identities. It is important to note that Mexican academics who question the number of censuses do so primarily on behalf of Indigenous peoples, whom they claim to have been forcibly classified as Mestizos but declare or suggest remains, that the same has happened to the Mexicans of Europe.
In today's society
Historically, racial and ethnic classifications are closely related to Mexican society. However, since the end of the Mexican Revolution, the official identity promoted by the government for non-indigenous Mexicans is Mestizo (a mixture of European and indigenous cultural and heritage). Installed with the initial goal of eliminating divisions and creating an integrated identity that allows Mexico to modernize and integrate into the international community, Mestizo's identity has not been able to achieve its goals. The reason for this is to speculate to be an internal contradiction of identity itself, as it belongs to the same theoretical race people who, in their daily interactions, do not consider each other to be of the same race and have little biological similarity, with some of them fully Native, others are entirely European and include Africans and Asians. Currently, there is no definitive census that quantifies the Mexican white population, with estimates from different publications varying greatly, ranging from only 9% of the total to 47%, with this figure based on phenotypic characteristics rather than ancestral identification.
The lack of clear lines between white and Mexican mixed races has made the concept of a relatively liquid race, with offspring becoming more a decisive factor than biological. Although there is considerable variation in the phenotype among Mexicans, European appearance is still well-liked in Mexican society, with lighter skin receiving more positive attention because it is associated with higher social class, power, money and modernity. In contrast, indigenous ancestors are often associated with inferior social classes as well as lower levels of education. These differences are most powerful in Mexico City, where the most powerful of the country's elite are.
Regardless of what mestizaje insists, Mexico is a country where Eurodescendants are not a minority, not a clear majority but exist at the same amount in relation to Mestizos. Because of this even though the Mexican government has not used racial terms associated with Europeans or white people officially for nearly a century, the concept of "white people" (known as gÃÆ'¼eros or blancos in Spanish Mexican) and "being white" still exist and present in everyday Mexican culture: different racial idioms are used in Mexican society that serves as an intermediary between racial groups. It is not unusual to see street vendors calling potential customers " GÃÆ'¼ero " or " gÃÆ'¼erito ", sometimes even when the person is not light-skinned. In this example, it is used to initiate some kind of intimacy, but in cases where social/racial tension is relatively high, it can have the opposite effect.
The widespread preference that the Mexicans, even those who are the dominant indigenous ancestors, show the culture and values ​​of Europe over Natives have been known as malinchismo meaning to identify or support North American or European culture over the original. It originated from La Malinche, the original interpreter allied with HernÃÆ'¡n CortÃÆ' Â © s during the Conquest. This story is still an important social picture for Mexicans. Examples of practices considered to be malinchismo in modern Mexico include Mexican parents who choose the English names given to their children, for the desire to be associated with the United States.
European Immigration to Mexico
The Mexicans of European descent are strongly linked to Spanish history in the country because Mexico does not have mass immigration history that other New World countries like the United States, Brazil and Argentina have that will fill the huge extension of uninhabited territory. and/or help to assimilate relatively abundant indigenous populations. The white Mexican people are somewhat, descended from a group of highly ethnocentric spanish people who, beginning with the arrival and establishment of the conquistadors to later be equipped with clerics, workers, academics, etc. Immigrated to where it currently is Mexico. The criollos (as a man born to a colony to Spanish parents called to the beginning of the 20th century) would favor to marry other Spanish immigrants even if they were of a less privileged economic class of them, to preserve the Spanish lineage and custom is seen as a priority main. After Mexico achieved its independence and immigration from European countries other than Spain became accepted, Criollos did the same, and sought to assimilate new European immigrants into a very white Mexican population dating from Spain, as the annual European immigration rate to Mexico never exceeding 2% in relation to the country's total population, the assimilation of new immigrants is easy and the Mexican hyphenienated identity never arose.
Another way in which European immigration to Mexico differs from other New World countries is on the required immigrant profile. Since New Spain's main economic activity is not related to agriculture (and labor for it has been supplied by indigenous peoples converted) but mining, the country has not implemented any program that would make it an attractive destination for European farmers. On the other hand, there is a high demand for people with special education in areas such as geology, metallurgy, commerce, law, medicine, etc. Like the stories of professional immigrants who accumulated great wealth in the years it was used to, New Spain became very attractive only to Europeans filling in these profiles and their families, which ultimately resulted in the country getting less European immigration, mentioned above that the majority of Spanish immigrants coming to the country are from northern Spain, especially Cantabria, Navarra, Galicia, and the Basque Country. After the war of independence, almost all elite European nations would link civilizations to European characteristics, blaming the country's indigenous heritage for its inability to keep up with the world's economic growth. This leads to an active effort to encourage the arrival of additional European immigrants.
One of these efforts is the expropriation of the vast land of the Catholic Church in order to sell it to immigrants and others who will develop it. However, this does not have the desired effect mainly due to political instability. The Porfirio Daz regime for decades before the Mexican Revolution tried again, and clearly wanted European immigration to promote modernization, instilled a Protestant work ethic and sustained what remained of Northern Mexico from US expansionism. DÃÆ'az also expressed a desire to "bleach" the highly racial Mexicans, although this is more culturally related than with biological features. However, the Daz regime says that they must be careful, because the great concentration of Americans in Texas, will ultimately lead to the separation of the territory. This precaution means that the government is more successful in attracting investors than the permanent population, even in rural areas despite government programs. No more than forty colonies of foreign farms have ever formed during this time and these are only a few that are Italian and German survivors.
In the mid-19th century, between Europeans and European Americans and Canadians, there were only 30,000 to 40,000 European immigrants in Mexico, compared with an overall population of over eight million, but the impact was felt when they dominated textiles. industry and various fields of trade and industry, incentivating industrialization of the country. Many of these immigrants are not really immigrants, but rather "conquistadors of commerce" who stay in Mexico long enough to make their fortune back to their home country for retirement. This led Diaz to nationalize an industry dominated by foreigners such as trains, which would cause many conquerors to trade away. In January 1883, the Government signed legislation to promote the immigration of Ireland, Germany and France to Mexico, this time there were fewer restrictions, resulting in the arrival of relatively more conventional immigrants and their families. Until 1914, 10,000 French citizens settled in Mexico, along with 100,000 other Europeans. Despite being the most violent conflict in Mexican history, the Mexican Revolution did not dampen European immigration or frighten white Mexicans, who concentrated in urban areas largely unaffected by it and regarded it as a conflict related only to rural people. Later, conflicts in Europe in the 1930s and 1940s such as the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War caused an additional surge of European immigration into the country.
At the end of the Second World War, Americans, British, French, Germans and Spaniards were the most prominent European in Mexico but their presence was limited to urban areas, especially Mexico City, living in the enclave and engaging in business. These European immigrants will quickly adapt to the "whiter, better" Mexican attitude and keep themselves separate from non-European residents in the host country. This and their status as strangers offer them considerable social and economic benefits, dulling any tendency to assimilate. There is little incentive to integrate with the Mexican general population and when they do, it is confined to the criollo upper classes, failing to produce the desired "whitening" effect. For this reason, one can find non-Spanish surnames among Mexican elites, especially in Mexico City.
However, even in cases when mixing is common, as with Cornish miners in the Hidalgo state around Pachuca and Real de Monte, their cultural influences remain strong. In these areas, British style houses can be found, the signature dish is a "pasta" variation of the Cornish pastry and they eventually introduce soccer (football) to Mexico. At the beginning of the 20th century, a group of about 100 Russian immigrants, mostly Pryguny and some Molokane and Cossacks came to live in the area near Ensenada, Baja California. The main colony is in Valle de Guadalupe and is locally known as Colonia Deer near the city of Francisco Zarco. Other small colonies include San Antonio, Mision del Orno and Punta Banda. There are an estimated 1,000 descendants of this immigrant in Mexico, almost all of whom are married. The original settlement is now under the preservation of the Mexican government and has become a tourist spot.
The remnants of the law's attempt to "whiten" the population ended with 1947 "Ley General de PoblaciÃÆ'³n" along with the blurred line between most of the Mexican immigrant colonies and the general population. This blurring was accelerated by the emergence of Mexican middle class, who enrolled their children in schools for foreigners and foreign organizations such as the German Club which has a majority of Mexican members. However, this assimilation is largely limited to Mexican white society. The mass culture promotes Spanish and most other European languages ​​have declined and almost disappeared. The limited immigration policy since the 1970s has pushed further the assimilation process. In spite of all the above mentioned pressures, in 2013 Mexico is the country with most of the international immigrants in the world. Since 2000, Mexico's economic growth has increased international migration to the country, including people of European descent who leave their countries (especially France and Spain) to seek better employment opportunities. People from the United States have moved too, now forming more than three-quarters of the approximately one million foreigners documented in Mexico, up from about two-thirds in 2000. Today, more people coming from the United States have been added to Mexican populations of Mexicans have been added to the population of the United States, according to government data in both countries.
Example of European ethnic groups in Mexico
One of the few European settlements of the Porfirian era that survives to this day is centered in the small town of Chipilo in the state of Puebla. They are descendants of about 500 Italian immigrants who came in the 1880s, maintaining a dialect that originated from Venice and different ethnic identities, although many married other Mexicans. Many still farm and raise livestock but economic change has driven many people into the industry.
During the Mexican Revolution, ÃÆ' lvaro ObregÃÆ'³n invited a group of German-speaking Mennonites in Canada to resettle in the state of Chihuahua. By the late 1920s, nearly 10,000 had arrived from Canada and Europe. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonite in this country stands out because of their bright skin, hair, and eyes. They are a very small community who talk to Plautdietsch and wear traditional clothes. They have their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and cover about half of the state's agricultural economy, which stands out in cheese production.
Immigration was restricted by the government after Diaz but never ceased completely during the 20th century. Between 1937 and 1948, more than 18,000 Spanish Republican arrived as refugees from the dictatorship of Francisco Franco. Their reception by the Mexican criollo elite mixed but they succeeded in success because most of these newcomers were educated as scholars and artists. The group founded Colegio de Mexico, one of the top academic institutions in the country. Another smaller group from this period was the Jewish immigrants who fled from Hitler. Despite efforts to assimilate these immigrant groups, especially the German population that had existed in the country during World War II, they remain largely separated to this day.
Due to the 2008 Financial Crisis and the resulting economic downturn and high unemployment in Spain, many Spaniards have emigrated to Mexico to seek new opportunities. For example, during the last quarter of 2012, a total of 7,630 work permits were granted to the Spaniards.
Sixty-seven percent of the English-speaking population in Latin America lives in Mexico. Most of them are American citizens, with the inclusion of people from the US who have come to live in Mexico since the 1930s, becoming the largest foreign group in the country ever since. However, most Americans in Mexico are not immigrants in the traditional sense, because they live as retirees or do not consider themselves permanent residents.
Official census
Historically, population and census studies have never matched the standards that such diverse and large populations as Mexico needs: the first racial census was made in 1793, it is also the first national census of Mexico (formerly known as New Spain) , only a portion of the original dataset survives, so much of what is known to originate from the essay made by researchers who returned that day using census findings as a reference for their own work. Over a century will pass until the Mexican government conducted a new racial census in 1921 (some sources state that the 1895 census included a comprehensive racial classification, but according to the historic archives of Mexico's National Statistics Agency that are not). While the 1921 census was the last time the Mexican government conducted a census that included a comprehensive racial classification, recently a nationwide survey was conducted to quantify the vast majority of ethnic groups inhabiting the country as well as the social dynamics and gaps between them.
census 1793
Also known as the "Revillagigedo census" due to the creations commanded by the Count of the same name, this census is Mexico (later known as Viceroyalty of New Spain) the first ever national census population. Most of the original datasets are reported to have been lost; so most of what is known about it now comes from essays and field investigations made by academics who have access to census data and use it as a reference for their work such as Prussian geographer Alexander von Humboldt. Each author gives different estimates for each racial group in the country, although they do not differ greatly, with Europeans ranging from 18% to 22% of New Spain's population, Mestizo ranging from 21% to 25%, Indians ranging from 51% to 61% and Africa were between 6,000 and 10,000, Estimates granted for total population of 3,799,561 to 6,122,354. Thus it is concluded, that in almost three centuries of colonization, the trend of white and mestizo population growth even, while the total percentage of indigenous population declined at a rate of 13% -17% per century. The authors assert that instead of white and mestizo having higher birth rates, the reason for the declining indigenous population lies in those who suffer higher mortality rates, living in remote locations than in the cities and towns established by the colonies Spain or are at war with them. It is also for these reasons that the number of indigenous Mexicans presents a greater variety of variations among publications, because in cases, their numbers in a particular location are not estimated to be calculated, leading to a possible excessive estimate at some provinces and possibly disparage others.
~ Europe belongs to the category Mestizo.
Despite the inaccuracies that may be related to the calculation of Indigenous population living outside the colonized territories, attempts by the New Spanish authorities to consider them as subjects need to be mentioned, since the censuses made by the colonial or other postcolonial states do not consider American Indians to be citizens/subject, for example the census made by Viceroyalty of RÃÆ'o de la Plata will only count the population of the colonized settlement. Another example is the census created by the United States, excluding Indigenous peoples that lived between the general population until 1860, and indigenous peoples as a whole until 1900.
census 1921
Created right after the completion of the Mexican revolution, the social context in which the census was created makes it very unique, because the government is currently in the process of rebuilding the country and hopes to unite all Mexicans under a single national identity. The results of the 1921 'census in terms of race, which states that 59.3% of the population of Mexico identifies themselves as Mestizo, 29.1% as Indigenous and only 9.8% as White is then important for the "mestizaje" ideological cement (which asserts that population Mexico as a whole is a product of a mixture of all races) that shaped Mexico's identity and culture during the 20th century and remains prominent today, with extra official international publications such as World Factbook and EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica using them as reference to estimate the composition of Mexican races to this day.
Nevertheless, recent census results have been subject to scrutiny by historians, academics and social activists, who argue that such drastic changes in demographic trends in relation to the 1793 census are unlikely and cite, among other relatively low statistics. the frequency of marriage between people of different continental ancestors in colonial times and early free Mexico. It is said that the state-sponsored "mestizaje" process is more "cultural than biological" that results in an exaggerated number of Mexican Mestizo groups at the expense of other racial identities. Controversy aside, this census is the last time the Mexican Government has conducted a comprehensive racial census with details by the following countries (foreigners and those who answered "other" not included):
When the results of the 1921 census were compared with recent census results in Mexico and also with modern genetic research, high consistency was found with respect to the distribution of native Mexicans across the country, with states located in southern and south-eastern Mexico having both. , the highest percentage of the population identifying themselves as indigenous and the highest percentage of genetic ancestors of Amerindians. However this is not the case when it comes to European Mexico, as there are instances where a country that has been shown to have a very high European ancestor per scientific research is reported to have a very small white population in the 1921 census, with the most extreme case being that of the Durango state , where the census confirms that only 0.01% of the country's population (33 people) identified themselves as "white" while modern scientific research shows that Durango populations have the same genetic frequency found in Europeans (with indigenous populations of countries indicating almost no foreign mix too). Various authors theorize that the reason for this inconsistency may lie in the identity of Mestizo promoted by the Mexican government, reportedly causing people not biologically identified Mestizos.
Today
The following table is a compilation of (if possible) an official national survey conducted by the Mexican government that has tried to measure various ethnic Mexicans groups. Given that for most of each ethnic group predicted by different surveys, with different methodologies and years and not on a comprehensive racial census, some groups may overlap with others and be overstated or underestimated.
Of all the ethnic groups that have been surveyed, Mestizos is primarily absent, which is likely due to the definition of fluid and subjective label, which complicates proper quantification. However, it can safely be assumed that Mestizos constitute at least a 30% percentage of Mexico's population that is not weighed against the likelihood of an increase if an existing survey methodology is considered. For example, the 2015 inter-year survey, regarded as a native of Mexico and Afro-Mexico altogether individuals who identify themselves as "indigenous parts" or "parts of Africa", say people are technically going to be Mestizos. Similarly, the Mexican Mexicans are quantified based on physical characteristics/appearance, so technically Mestizo with the percentage of Native ancestors low enough not to affect its phenotype, especially Europe is considered white. Finally, the remaining ethnic, due to a small amount or being a believer has a more permissive classification criterion, therefore a Mestizo can claim to be one of them by practicing beliefs, or by having an ancestor belonging to that ethnicity.
Nevertheless, contemporary sociologists and historians agree that, given that the concept of "race" has a psychological foundation rather than the biological and Mestizo peoples eye with a high percentage of European descent is considered "white" and Mestizo with a high percentage of ancestral Adat is considered "Indian," a person who identifies with Certain ethnic groups should be allowed to, even if biologically not entirely belonging to that group.
See also
- The Europeans
- White people
- Latin American White
- Hispanic White and Latin Americans
- White Argentina
- Colombian White Man
- Brazilian White
- White Americans
- Mexican natives
- Afro-Mexicans
- Asian Asians
- The Criollo people
- Castizo
- Gringo
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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