Sandalwood is a wooden class of trees in the genus Santalum . The forests are heavy, yellow, and fine-grained, and unlike many other aromatic forests, they retain their fragrance for decades. Sandalwood oil is extracted from wood for use. Sandalwood is the second most expensive timber in the world, after African blackwood. Both wood and oil produce a distinctive aroma that has been greatly appreciated for centuries. As a result, this slow-growing tree species experienced an excessive harvest in the last century.
Video Sandalwood
True cendana
Sandalwood is a medium-sized hemiparasite tree, and part of the same botanical family as the European mistletoe. Important members of this group are Indian sandalwood ( Santalum album ) and Australian sandalwood ( Santalum spicatum ); others in the genus also have fragrant wood. These are found in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Hawaii, and other Pacific Islands.
- S. album is an endangered species that originated in South India, and grew up in the Western Ghats and some other mountains such as Kalrayan and Shevaroy Hills. Although sandalwood trees in India, Pakistan and Nepal are government-owned and their harvests are controlled, many trees are logged illegally. The price of sandalwood oil has risen to $ 2,000 per kg recently. The red sand endemic at Seshachalam, Veliganda, Lankamala, and palakonda, are scattered in the districts of Kadapa, Chittoor, and Kurnool in the Rayalaseema region and parts of Nellore and Prakasam in Andhra Pradesh, Mysore region in Karnataka (formerly Mysore State), and marayoor forest in Kerala , South India, high quality. New plantations were created with international assistance in Tamil Nadu for economic exploitation. In Kununurra in Western Australia, Indian sandalwood is grown on a large scale. This species is the main source of sandalwood used in commercial oil production and should not be equated with the West Indian Cendana, Amyris balsamifera .
- S. ellipticum , S. freycinetianum
S. paniculatum , Hawaiian sandalwood ( ? iliahi ), is also used and considered to be of high quality. These three species were exploited between 1790 and 1825 before the supply of the tree was exhausted (the fourth species, S. Haleakalae , occurred only in subalpine areas and never exported). Although S. freycinetianumi> paniculatum are relatively common today, they have not regained their previous abundance or size, and S. ellipticum remain rare. - S. spicatum is used by aromatherapists and perfumers. The concentration differs considerably from other species of Santalum . In the 1840s, sandalwood was Australia's largest exporter of Western Australia. Oil was distilled for the first time in 1875, and at the turn of the 20th century, production of Australian sandalwood oil falters. However, in the late 1990s, West Australian sandalwood oil enjoyed a revival and by 2009 had peaked over 20,000 kg (44,000 pounds) a year - many of which went to fragrance industries in Europe. Although overall production has declined, in 2011 a significant percentage of its production goes to chewing tobacco industry in India alongside Indian sandalwood - the chewing tobacco market becomes the largest market for both oils in 2012.
- Other species: Commercially, various other species, not species Santalum , are also used as sandalwood.
A variety of plants unrelated to wood or similarly scented oils include:
- Adenanthera pavonina - sandalwood tree, red or red fake sandal
- Baphia nitida - camwood wood, also known as African sandalwood
- Eremophila mitchellii - sandalwood; false sandalwood (as well as sandals)
- Myoporum platycarpum - sandalwood; fake sandalwood
- Myoporum sandwicense - jerky sandalwood, fake sandalwood
- Osyris lanceolata - African sandalwood
- Osyris tenuifolia - East African sandalwood
Maps Sandalwood
Production
Producing commercially valuable sandalwood with high perfume levels requires Santalum trees to be at least 15 years old ( S. Album ) in which they will be harvested in Western Australia - the results, quality and the volume must still be clearly understood. Oil yields tend to vary depending on the age and location of the tree; usually older trees produce the highest oil content and quality. Australia is likely to become the largest producer of album S. 201 in 2018, the majority growing around Kununurra, Western Australia. West Australian sandalwood is also grown on plantations in its traditional growing northeastern wheat area in Perth, where more than 15,000 hectares (37,000 hectares) are on plantations. Currently, West Australian sandalwood is harvested only wildly and can reach over AU $ 16,000 per tonne, which has fueled the growth of illegal trade estimated to be worth AU $ 2.5 million in 2012.
Sandalwood is more expensive than other types of wood, therefore, to maximize profits, sandalwood is harvested by moving the whole tree instead of sawing on stems close to the ground. In this way the wood of stumps and roots, which have high levels of sandalwood oil, can also be processed and sold.
Usage
Fragrance
Sandalwood has a precious, warm, delicate, soft, and milky-wood fragrance. It imparts a long-lasting wood base for perfumes from oriental, woody, fougÃÆ'¨re , and chypre families, as well as perfumery and citrus fragrances. When used in smaller proportions in perfume, it acts as a fixative, increasing the longevity of other more volatile ingredients in the composite. Sandalwood is also the main ingredient in the family of "floriental" floral (floral-ambery) - when combined with white flower motifs such as jasmine, ylang ylang, gardenia, plumeria, orange blossom, tuberose, etc.
Sandalwood oil in India is widely used in the cosmetics industry. The main source of true sandalwood, S. album , is a protected species, and the demand for it can not be fulfilled. Many plant species are traded as "sandalwood". The genus Santalum has more than 19 species. Traders often receive oil from closely related species, as well as from unrelated plants such as West Indian sandalwood ( Amyris balsamifera) in the Rutaceae family or sandalwood squirrels (Myoporum sandwicense , Myoporaceae ). However, most of the wood from this alternative source loses its aroma within months or years.
Isobornyl cyclohexanol is a synthetic fragrance chemical that is produced as an alternative to natural products.
The main component of sandalwood is two isomers of santalol (about 75%). It is used in aromatherapy and preparing soap.
Technology
Because of its low fluorescence and optimal refractive index, sandalwood oil is often used as an immersion oil in ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopy.
Food
Australian Aborigines eat seeds of seeds, nuts, and local sandalwood, such as quandong ( S. acuminatum ). Early Europeans in Australia used quandong in cooking silencers by inserting them with their leaves, and in making jams, pies and chutneys from fruit. In Scandinavia, the smoothed skin of red sandalwood ( pterocarpus soyauxii ) is used - with other tropical spices - while posing as anchovies and some pickled herring types such as matjes, sprat and certain traditional types < i> spegesild , induce red color and slightly fragrant aroma.
Today's chefs have begun experimenting with peanuts instead of macadamia nuts or bushes for almonds, hazelnuts and others in Southeast Asian cuisine. Oil is also used as a flavor component in various foods, including candy, ice cream, baked goods, pudding, alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages, and gelatin. Flavoring is used at levels below 10 ppm, the highest level possible for use in food products is 90 ppm.
Distillation
The sandalwood must be distilled so that the oil can be extracted from the inside. There are many different methods used, including steam distillation, water distillation, CO2 extraction, and solvent extraction. Steam distillation is the most common method used by sandalwood companies. This happens in a four-step process, combining boiling, steaming, condensation, and separation. Water is heated to high temperatures (140-212 ° F) and then passed through the wood. Oil is strongly bonded in the cellular structure of wood, so high heat from the vapor causes oil to be released. The mixture of steam and oil is then cooled and separated so that the essential oil can be collected. This process lasts longer than the distillation of other essential oils, takes 14 to 36 hours to complete, but generally produces a much higher quality of oil. Water, or hydro, distillation is a traditional method of sandalwood extraction that involves soaking wood in water and then boiling it until oil is released. This method is not used anymore because of the high cost and time associated with the heating of water in large quantities.
Religion
Hinduism
Indian sandalwood is very sacred in Hindu Ayurveda and is known in Sanskrit as Chandana. Wood is used to worship Lord Shiva, and it is believed that the Goddess Lakshmi lives in a sandalwood tree. Wooden tree made into a paste using sandalwood powder and pasta is an integral part of the rituals and ceremonies, to mark religious equipment, to decorate the gods icon, and to quiet the mind during meditation and prayer. It was also distributed to the worshipers, who applied it to their forehead or neck and chest. Preparation of pasta is a task that is only suitable for the pure, so entrusted in the temples and during the ceremony only for the priests.
The paste is prepared by grinding the wood by hand on the granite slabs formed for the purpose. With the addition of slow water, the result of thick paste (called kalabham "????" in Malayalam and "gandha" ??? in Kannada), mixed with saffron or other pigments to make chandanam . Chandanam , then mixed with herbs, perfumes, pigments, and some other compounds, yielding javadhu . Kalabham, chandanam, and javadhu are dried and used as powder kalabham , powder chandanam and javadhu powder, respectively. Chandanam powder is very popular in India and also used in Nepal. In Tirupati after religious monstrosity, sandalwood paste is used to protect the skin. In Hinduism and Ayurveda, sandalwood is considered to bring closer to the divine. So, this is one of the most widely used sacred elements in Hindu and Vedic society.
Jainism
The use of sandalwood is an integral part of Jainism's daily practice. Sandalwood paste mixed with saffron is used to worship tirthankar god Jain. The sandalwood powder was showered by Jain (sadhus and sadhvis ) monks and nuns to their students and followers. The garlands of sandalwood were used to dress the body during Jain's cremation ceremony. During the Mahamastakabhisheka festival held once in every 12 years, the Gommateshwara statue is bathed and anointed with offerings such as milk, cane juice, and saffron paste, and sprinkled with sandalwood powder, turmeric, and vermilion.
Buddhism
Sandalwood is mentioned in various suttas of P? Li Canon. In some Buddhist traditions, sandalwood is considered from the lotus group and is associated with Amitabha Buddha. The aroma of sandalwood is believed by some to change one's desires and maintain one's vigilance while in meditation. It is also one of the most popular aromas used when offering incense to the Buddha and the teacher.
Sufism
In the Sufi tradition, sandalwood paste is applied in the Sufis' tomb by students as a sign of devotion. This is practiced especially among Indian Subcontinent students. In Tamil culture regardless of religious identity, sandalwood or sandalwood powder is applied to the tomb of sufism as a sign of devotion and respect.
Chinese, Korean and Japanese Religions
Sandalwood, along with gaharu, is the most common incense material used by Chinese and Japanese in worship and ceremonies. However, some Taoist sects, following the Ming Dynasty, did not use sandalwood (as well as benzoin sap, incense, foreign-produced incense) and instead used gaharu, or better Acronychia pedunculata >, in worship. In Korean Shamanism, sandalwood is regarded as the Tree of Life. Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrian offers sandalwood branches to afarganyu, jars in which the fire is kept in a fire temple (called agiyari in Gujarati and dar-e mehr in Persian ), to keep the fire burning during religious ceremonies. After the priest supervisors complete the ceremony, the participants are allowed to come to afarganyu and place their own sandalwood pieces into the fire. Fire has been a sacred symbol in Zoroastrian religion since ancient times and is considered very important to keep the fire in the temples constantly burning. Due to its high sensitivity to fire, sandalwood works very well for this. Also, wood has been received by Yasna and Yashts as proper fuel for fire. It was offered to all of the three fire levels at the fire temple, including Atash Dadgahs. Sandalwood is not offered to divo , smaller lights are kept in Zoroastrian homes. Often, money is offered to mobad (for religious shopping) along with sandalwood. Sandalwood is called sukhad in the Zoroastrian community. Sandalwood in fire temples is often more expensive to buy than in Zoroastrian stores. This is often a source of income for the fire temple.
References
Further reading
- Mandy Aftel, Essence and Alchemy: Natural History of Perfume , Gibbs Smith, 2001, ISBNÃ, 1-58685-702-9
External links
- Cultivation Crops: botanical, historical and sandalwood use
- IUCN Threatened Species: Album Santalum
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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