Dutch bricks are bricks made in the Netherlands, or similar bricks, and architectural style buildings with bricks developed by the Dutch. Bricks, made of clay dug from the riverbanks or dredged from the river bed and fired for long periods of time, are known for their durability and appearance.
The traditional Dutch brick architecture is characterized by a round or stepped gable. The bricks were imported as ballast to Britain and the colonies in eastern America. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, founded in 1591, was originally built from the Dutch red brick. Dutch brick makers emigrated to New Netherland in America, where they built kilns to fire bricks locally. Bricks were burned in New Amsterdam (New York) in 1628, but imported bricks had better quality. At first the bricks were only used for chimneys, but they were then used to face the lower story of the house, and then the whole house. The vast majority of New York's "Dutch Colonial" homes in New York do not in fact follow the practice of Dutch architecture, but there are instances in Albany County that do.
The bricks are also exported by the Dutch to the main buildings in their colonies in the east and around the world. The Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town, South Africa, was built in 1666, and its entrance is made of small yellow bricks called ijselstene (IJssel stones). The Church of Christ in Malacca, Malaysia, the oldest Dutch church building outside the Netherlands, is made of Dutch bricks that have been taken as a ballast on a Dutch ship, lined with Chinese plaster.
Video Dutch brick
Background and creation
The word "brick" may come from the Netherlands. The 1901 architectural dictionary defines "bricks" as "a regularly shaped piece of clay that hardens in the sun or by the heat of a furnace and is intended for buildings, generally one of many uniform size pieces." The "Dutch brick" is described as "light hard-colored bricks made in Holland [sic] and used in England for sidewalks, so similar bricks are made in England."
Until the 20th century, brick making in the Netherlands (and elsewhere) used more manual labor, and the low-paid workers involved in the industry were socially marginal because the manufacturing industry was geographically - raw materials were collected in rivers. banks and shootings of bricks occur far from cities and farms to reduce the disruption caused by fire and smoke. Workers, as noted in city reports, often belong to lower-level societies and are often released at the end of the season, add to the city's burden: "As the number of kiln bricks is rising, so is poverty," according to a 1873 report from the town of Ubbergen, near Nijmegen, on the river Waal.
Clay for bricks is dug from the banks of the river (Waal river, Rhine and IJssel) and other open locations, and left outside (on a mound called kleibult ) during winter so that any organic matter can rot ; weather (rain, ice, drought) helps make clay more manageable. At the end of this period the clay is mixed with sand and other materials, a process done on foot, by the workers stepping on the clay. It is then shaped into a proper shape by a craftsman, who is
Because the clinker was partially generated by being fired at higher temperatures, it was louder than the standard. Clinker is imported into England for use as paving.
Small, Dutch yellow bricks were once imported into the United States, and by 1840 there were still old buildings in New York faced with these bricks. They are considered superior in appearance and endurance. An 1888 report notes that "in New York and other Atlantic cities we find brick houses brought from the Netherlands [sic] completely two hundred years ago, with no defects or signs of decay, and apparently strong and sounds like when it was first put on the wall. "
Maps Dutch brick
Europe
The houses found today in Zeeland are more similar to Dutch brick houses in New York than houses from other parts of the Netherlands. The brick farmhouses built separately from the barn are found in Zeeland, but no one survives in another location. In contrast to common practice in New York, the farms in Zeeland do not have separate outer doors for each room. The Dutch also use bricks to pave the way, or chaussees, in the Netherlands.
In the 1640s the Dutch were regarded as leaders in Europe both in making bricks and in bricklaying. The Summer Garden in Saint Petersburg, Russia, showcased the works of Dutch brick and mason makers. Saint Michael's Castle, which was built in Saint Petersburg between 1797 and 1801 for Emperor Paul I, was "a huge rectangular pile, rapid Dutch red, up from a dense cellar of carved granite." Sans Souci, the palace built for Frederick the Great in Potsdam, was built with a rich Dutch red-brick facade.
In recent years the Dutch brick industry has attracted unwanted attention from European Union (EU) competition authorities. In the early 1990s the industry had excess capacity due to technological advances, competition from other materials and the economic slowdown. Manufacturers with a combined market share of 90% agreed to reduce capacity, shut down older and inefficient plants. The producers compensate those who cover the crops. However, the agreement also includes setting production quotas and members of fines that generate more than their quota. Members of what applies the cartel are forced to drop the quota agreement by the European Union.
United Kingdom and Ireland
Imported Dutch bricks are often used in buildings in England in the 17th and 18th centuries. In Dartmouth, a house built in 1664 for sailors Robert Plumleigh has a traditional wood-framed architecture but includes a stack of star-shaped chimney bricks Dutch imports. Houses in Topsham, Devon, also use Dutch bricks for chimneys, window heads and clothing. A house from the late seventeenth century in the Dutch Court at Topsham was built entirely of Dutch bricks. The Port of Exeter and Topsham sends wool to the Netherlands, and the ship that returns bricks as a ballast from Amsterdam or Rotterdam.
Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, founded in 1591, was originally built from the Dutch red brick. Jigginstown House in Naas, County Kildare, Ireland, was built by John Allen for Thomas Wentworth, First Ear of Strafford (1593-1641) using Dutch bricks "of the most superior manufacturing". The Red House in Youghal, Ireland, was built from Dutch red brick in 1710 by Dutch architect Leuventhal for the Uniacke family.
United States
In general, bricks are not imported into American colonies. Perhaps no one was imported into Virginia and Maryland, but in New England there is one possible example in New Haven, and there are records documenting the delivery of 10,000 bricks to Massachusetts Bay in 1628 and several thousand bricks were sent to New Sweden. It is possible that the terms "Dutch brick" and "English brick" refer to the size of locally made bricks, with Dutch bricks being smaller. However, in New Netherland there are records of bricks imported from the Netherlands as a ballast in 1633, and continued deliveries until the American Revolution (1765-1783). Bricks were burned in New Amsterdam (New York) in 1628, but imported bricks had better quality. At first, the bricks were only used for chimneys, but they were then used to face the lower story of the house, and then the whole house.
Dutch brick makers emigrated to New Netherland, where they built a kiln to fire bricks locally. In New Amsterdam, bricks are used for the houses of the director general, counting houses, city stalls, and other important buildings. The gable-ending houses, often with stepped designs, and bricks ranging in color from yellow or red to blue or black. A report from New York published in 1685 said, "The city is vast, built with Dutch bricks, made up of five hundred homes, the least valuable under a hundred pounds." A New Briton who visited New York in 1704, forty years after the Dutch handed the city over to England, marveled at the appearance of the glass wall from the homes of the "multitudinous coullers and put on the checkers." In 1845 there was still a one-story Dutch brick house built in 1696 in Flatbush, Brooklyn. The date and initials of the owner are formed by blue and red bricks.
The scenic sections of Albany, New York, as in 1814 showed a mix of Dutch, British and Federal styles, although Dutch bricks were reportedly used for one of the English-style houses. One house in Dutch style is said to have originated from the American Revolution. If so, it would be one of the last native Dutch-style houses to be built in the United States, reflecting the conservative Dutch culture of Albany at that time.
Most of New York's "Colonial Netherlands" homes are in fact not following the Dutch architectural practices, but there are seven in Albany County that do. The houses have wooden frames with brick walls as decorative shells. They each have two gable-eyed parapets with "mouse toothing" ornamental bricks. All Dutch brick buildings use an iron wall anchors spread over several bricks to tie the brick frame to the wooden frame of the house. Sometimes the anchor gives its creation date. The brick walls of the houses incorporate various designs including the shape of a spear and a shape like fleur-de-lis.
Other Dutch colonies
Dutch bricks and bricks were also imported and used in other colonies throughout the Dutch Empire in Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean. Fort Zeelandia was built on a small island off the coast of Tainan in Formosa (Taiwan) between 1624 and 1634 after the Dutch acquired Formosa from China as a trading colony. Built using bricks from Batavia (Jakarta), where the Dutch East India Company has its headquarters. After the siege in 1662, the Dutch handed the castle to Koxinga, a Ming dynasty general. The fort was destroyed by an explosion in 1873 when a shell from a British warship detonated an ammunition warehouse. The stone is then used for other purposes. What remains is part of the south wall.
The Castle of Good Hope in Cape Town, South Africa, was built in 1666. The gateway was built in 1682, with pediment and two gray-blue stone pilasters, and the entrance is made of small yellow bricks called ijseltene (stone IJssel).
Christ Church, Malacca, Malaysia, is the oldest Dutch church building outside the Netherlands. It was built by a local Dutchman after the city was taken from the Portuguese, and completed in 1753. The church covers 82 by 41 feet (25 by 12 m), with a ceiling as high as 40 feet (12 m). The foundation is a local laterite block. The walls, which were very large, were made of Dutch bricks which had been taken as ballast on board from the Netherlands, and they were lined with Chinese plaster.
On the island of Sint Eustatius in the Netherlands Antilles, homes are built of local volcanic rock, imported wood, or from Dutch red or yellow bricks imported from the Netherlands. Traditional masonry houses are large and sturdy. The country house of Johannes de Graaff, who led Sint Eustatius from 1776 to 1781, has a 33.6 x 9.7 foot (10.2 x 3.0 m) duck pond made of brick.
Gallery
See also
- Brick Gothic
References
Quotes
Source
External links
- Van klei tot Baksteen en Meer ("From clay to brick and more"), publication by the Royal Association of Dutch Brick Manufacturers
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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